Evolution of Biodiversity

Ch5 Evolution of Biodiversity Learning Targets Understand how we estimate the number of species living on Earth Quantify biodiversity Describe patterns of relatedness among species using phylogeny Explain the processes of allopatric and sympatric speciation Understand the factors that affect the pace of evolution Explain the difference between a fundamental and a realized niche Describe how environmental change can alter species distributions Discuss how environmental change can cause species extinctions

Evolution of Biodiversity Case Study: The Dung of the Devil 1918-20 Spanish flu wiped out 20-100 million people worldwide. H1N1 virus The “Dung of the Devil” is what? Many other examples---- 70% of new drugs are first discovered --

Evolution of Biodiversity The Dung of the Devil 1918-20 Spanish flu wiped out 20-100 million people worldwide. H1N1 virus The “Dung of the Devil” is a plant that fights the flu. Many other examples of plants and animals that fight illnesses. 70% of new drugs are first discovered in plants and animals

Name this key evolutionary term: a group of organisms distinct from others and can successfully breed.

Species: a group of organisms distinct from others and can successfully breed.

Biodiversity on 3 Separate Scales Name these 3. All three scales of biodiversity contribute to the overall biodiversity of the planet

Biodiversity on 3 Separate Scales Ecosystem Diversity: variety of ecosystems. Species Diversity: variety of species. Genetic Diversity: variety of genes. All three scales of biodiversity contribute to the overall biodiversity of the planet

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqtdaIkxnQo

How Many Species?? 2 million have been named. Estimates average around 10 million.

Key terms for working with species Species R???: The number of species in a given area. Species E???: Relative abundance of each species. Both together make up biodiversity! Declines after a human disturbance.

Species Richness and Evenness Species Richness: The number of species in a given area. Species Evenness: Relative abundance of each species. Both together make up biodiversity! Declines after a human disturbance.

Determining Evolutionary Relationships P???: branching patterns of evolutionary relationships.

Determining Evolutionary Relationships Phylogenies: branching patterns of evolutionary relationships.

Evolution is the Mechanism Underlying Biodiversity Evolution: change in genes over time within a population. M??: at the species level. M??: giving rise to new species.

Evolution is the Mechanism Underlying Biodiversity Evolution: change in genes over time within a population. Microevolution: at the species level. Macroevolution: giving rise to new species.

G??: sections of DNA that code for proteins. G???: genetic make up. P???: physical characteristics.

Genes: sections of DNA that code for proteins. Genotype: genetic make up. Phenotype: physical characteristics.

Genetic Change M???: random change. Recombination: m???? and random fertilization.

Genetic Change Mutation: random change. Recombination: meiosis and random fertilization.

Evolution!! Can happen by.. Artificial Selection Natural Selection Random Processes

Artificial Selection What is it? Agriculture and livestock. Unintended Consequences: Resistant weeds. Resistant antibiotics.

Artificial Selection Picking particular traits and breeding those individuals. Agriculture and livestock. Unintended Consequences: Resistant weeds. Resistant antibiotics.

Evolution by Natural Selection Environment determines what will survive.

Darwin: The Father of Evolution Darwin’s 5 Premises: Name 3 of these

Darwin: The Father of Evolution Darwin’s 5 Premises: Individuals produce an excess of offspring. Not all offspring can survive. Individuals differ in their traits. Organisms give birth to like organisms. Differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive.

F??? ability to survive and reproduce. A??: traits that improve an individual’s fitness.

Fitness: ability to survive and reproduce. Adaptations: traits that improve an individual’s fitness. Wedgeleaf draba has leaf hairs that reduct water loss

The Leuchtenbergia cactus has a large taproot to draw water from deepin the soil

Waxy outer layers of aloe vera reduce water loss-

Waxy layer that is scraped

Evolution by Random Processes 1. Mutation

2. Name this important concept: Change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.

2. Genetic Drift: Change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating.

3-Name this Effect: drastic reduction in the size of a population resulting in a reduction of the genetic diversity.

3. Bottleneck Effect: drastic reduction in the size of a population resulting in a reduction of the genetic diversity. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdtxnzwzgaQ (cheetah work)

4. F????’s Effect: change in population from a small number of colonizing individuals.

4. Founder’s Effect: change in population from a small number of colonizing individuals.

Speciation and Extinction Determine Biodiversity Speciation: making a new species. Moving from microevolution to macroevolution.

Geographic Isolation: separate due to a geographical barrier. A????? Speciation: geographic isolation forces two species to adapt differently. Eventually they cannot breed.

Geographic Isolation: separate due to a geographical barrier. Allopatric Speciation: geographic isolation forces two species to adapt differently. Eventually they cannot breed.

S????? Speciation: evolution of one species into two species without geographic isolation. P?????: more than two sets of chromosomes.

Sympatric Speciation: evolution of one species into two species without geographic isolation. Polyploidy: more than two sets of chromosomes.

Pace of Evolution 1 new species every 3 million years. Four Factors Influence Successful Name 2 of the 4 discussed in text

Pace of Evolution 1 new species every 3 million years. Four Factors Influence Successful Rate of Environmental Change Genetic Variation Population Size Generation Time

Genetic Engineering: directly manipulating genes. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs): Organisms with inserted genes.

Evolution Shapes Ecological Niches and Determines Species Distributions Range Tolerance: limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate. N?: the role an organism plays in the environment. F?N?: ideal conditions. R?N?: where the organism actually lives.

Evolution Shapes Ecological Niches and Determines Species Distributions Range Tolerance: limits to the abiotic conditions they can tolerate. Niche: the role an organism plays in the environment. Fundamental Niche: ideal conditions. Realized Niche: where the organism actually lives.

Environmental Change and Species Extinctions ?% of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct. Why? No favorable habitat.

Environmental Change and Species Extinctions 99% of all species that have ever lived on Earth are now extinct. Why? No favorable habitat.

?? Record ??: remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock. Youngest or Oldest? are found on the bottom.

Fossil Record Fossils: remains of organisms that have been preserved in rock. Oldest are found on the bottom.

The Five Global Mass Extinctions Revealed through the fossil record. Greatest: 251 million years ago: ??% of marine organisms and ??% of land organisms died off. Most recent: 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. ½ of the Earth’s species including dinosaurs went extinct. Possibly a m???????.

The Five Global Mass Extinctions Revealed through the fossil record. Greatest: 251 million years ago: 90% of marine organisms and 70% of land organisms died off. Most recent: 65 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous period. ½ of the Earth’s species including dinosaurs went extinct. Possibly a meteorite. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yzLCWrPhBLY (TED) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RAdNCIIYXvo (TEDEd)

The Sixth Mass Extinction Currently within the 6th mass extinction. 2-25% of species could be lost by 2025. Due to human causes. Include but not limited to: habitat destruction, invasive species, overharvesting, climate change, and emerging diseases.

Ch. 5 Learning Check Paleoclimatology data used to study global climate change can be obtained from Lichens Redwood trees Amphibians Antarctic ice cores Greenland glaciers

Ch. 5 Learning Check Paleoclimatology data used to study global climate change can be obtained from Lichens Redwood trees Amphibians Antarctic ice cores Greenland glaciers

Ch. 5 Learning Check Biodiversity “hotspots” are Global areas currently experiencing the most global climate change Sites in the US where hazardous wastes have been located Priority areas for habitat preservation because they contain many endemic species Tropical rainforest areas where there is the greatest species richness Areas containing the most endangered species

Ch. 5 Learning Check Biodiversity “hotspots” are Global areas currently experiencing the most global climate change Sites in the US where hazardous wastes have been located Priority areas for habitat preservation because they contain many endemic species Tropical rainforest areas where there is the greatest species richness Areas containing the most endangered species

Ch. 5 Learning Check When environmental conditions change, populations that are MOST vulnerable to extinction are Populations that have reached their carrying capacity Large populations of small individuals living in urban areas Large populations of medium-sized individuals living in rural areas Populations of species that are generalists with regard to needed resources Populations of species that are specialized with regard to needed resources

Ch. 5 Learning Check When environmental conditions change, populations that are MOST vulnerable to extinction are Populations that have reached their carrying capacity Large populations of small individuals living in urban areas Large populations of medium-sized individuals living in rural areas Populations of species that are generalists with regard to needed resources Populations of species that are specialized with regard to needed resources

Ch. 5 Learning Check Which of the following combination of processes can change global species diversity? Immigration and extirpation Speciation and extinction Speciation and immigration Emigration and extinction Extirpation and extinction

Ch. 5 Learning Check Which of the following combination of processes can change global species diversity? Immigration and extirpation Speciation and extinction Speciation and immigration Emigration and extinction Extirpation and extinction

Ch. 5 Learning Check A population of grazing, deerlike mammals is found on a remote island in forested New Guinea. Which of the following information is most important in determining whether these mammals all belong to a single species? That they share 99% of their physical traits Whether they can breed with one another That the males all have similar antlers Whether the matings produce viable, fertile offspring That all of these deerlike mammals appear to eat the same varieties of grass

Ch. 5 Learning Check A population of grazing, deerlike mammals is found on a remote island in forested New Guinea. Which of the following information is most important in determining whether these mammals all belong to a single species? That they share 99% of their physical traits Whether they can breed with one another That the males all have similar antlers Whether the matings produce viable, fertile offspring That all of these deerlike mammals appear to eat the same varieties of grass

Ch. 5 Learning Check Earth’s current biodiversity has most likely results from High rates of mutation in the past millennium Sympatric speciation Current climate change pressure Speciation minus extinction The wide variety of habitats to fill

Ch. 5 Learning Check Earth’s current biodiversity has most likely results from High rates of mutation in the past millennium Sympatric speciation Current climate change pressure Speciation minus extinction The wide variety of habitats to fill

Ch. 5 Learning Check The main reason for the high species extinction rate that we see today is Global climate change Invasive disease organisms Overharvesting of Earth’s valuable biodiversity The inability of Earth’s biodiversity to adapt Habitat destruction

Ch. 5 Learning Check The main reason for the high species extinction rate that we see today is Global climate change Invasive disease organisms Overharvesting of Earth’s valuable biodiversity The inability of Earth’s biodiversity to adapt Habitat destruction