Fundamentals of D.C. circuits ECE131 Unit - 1 Fundamentals of D.C. circuits

Electric Circuit An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Type of Electric Circuit Series/ Parallel Circuit

Charge and Current The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge. “Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).” The following points should be noted about electric charge: 1. In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 × 10−19) = 6.24 × 1018 electrons. 2. According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur in nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge e = −1.602 × 10−19 C. 3. The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the algebraic sum of the electric charges in a system does not change.

Charge and Current Electric current is the time rate of change of charge, measured in amperes (A). where t is time in seconds (s) and q is charge in coulombs (C). Eg. 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

Types of Current A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with time. An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally with time.

Voltage “Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).” 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb Vab = −Vba where w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulombs (C). Like electric current, a constant voltage is called a dc voltage and is represented by V, whereas a sinusoidally time-varying voltage is called an ac voltage and is represented by v. A dc voltage is commonly produced by a battery A ac voltage is produced by an electric generator.

Voltage Analogy It is often helpful to treat voltage as a kind of “electrical pressure” similar to that of water pressure.

Power and Energy Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts (W). where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in seconds (s).

Power Sign If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element. If, on the other hand, the power has a − sign, power is being supplied by the element. Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through the positive terminal of an element and p = +vi. If the current enters through the negative terminal, p = −vi.

Energy The law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit. Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules ( J). The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours (Wh), where 1 Wh = 3,600 J

Circuit Elements An element is the basic building block of a circuit. An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements. Circuit analysis is the process of determining voltages across (or the currents through) the elements of the circuit. Types of elements Passive elements Active elements An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is not. Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors. Active elements include generators, batteries, and operational amplifiers.

Circuit Elements (Passive Element) # Resistance Resistance is the term used to describe a reduction in current flow. Resistance in Series Resistance in Parallel * Inductor and Capacitor we will in unit 2.

Resistance Colour Coding

Circuit Elements (Active Element) The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them. Type of Sources Independent Sources Dependent Sources An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables. An ideal dependent (or controlled) source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.

Circuit Elements (Active Element) Independent Voltage Source Independent Current Source

Circuit Elements (Active Element) Type of Dependent Sources 1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS) 2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS) 3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) 4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS)

Circuit Elements (Active Element) Ex of dependent sources

Ideal and Practical Source Voltage Source

Ideal and Practical Source Current Source

Circuit Elements Linear and Non-Linear elements