The Growth of Cities (24.4) & Working Conditions (24.5) 8th Grade US History

Do Now Activity What do you notice about this image? What do you think this photograph says about urbanization and working conditions in cities?

Vocabulary Column 1 Column 2 Unions Knights of Labor Strikes Haymarket Square The American Federation of Labor Homestead Strike Henry Clay Frick Rose Schneiderman Garment Workers Union The Uprising of 20,000 Urbanization Tenements Immigrants Typhoid Cholera Skyscrapers Shirtwaist The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Urban Tenements Industrialization spurred urbanization. New industries located in cities. Cities swelled with workers and demand for housing was high. Tenements were built to house poor immigrants. By 1900, two-thirds of housing in cities were tenements. “Great, prison-like structures of brick with narrow doors and windows, cramped passages and steep, rickety stairs.”

Urban Tenements 2 Tenement neighborhoods were densely populated Poor families lived in just one or two cramped rooms Tenements were full of newly arrived immigrants Unclean and dangerous living conditions, little light and fresh air Diseases were common- typhoid and cholera spread

Cities Expand Upward Cities expanded and land costs exploded Builders constructed more building space on smaller plots of land Structures constructed upward to maximize space Lightweight steel supported skyscrapers Skyscrapers housed businesses and factories Steel buildings thought to be fireproof

Working Conditions & Working Families So many looking for work, factory owners did not have to pay a decent wage- only $1-$3 a day No pay during training. If a worker complained, they could be replaced easily Millions of children worked in mines, mills, and factories Children would get crooked spines from bending over machines or in mines all day

Inside Factories Mills and factories were hot in the winter and cold in the summer Fire claimed many lives- tall buildings rarely had fire escapes The New York City fire chief wanted buildings to have fire escapes and sprinkler systems, but factory owners did not want to pay for extra saftey measures The fire department ordered that all outwardly open doors not be locked for easy escape

Reader’s Marks C V ? P ! Word New Words Wondering Questions Making connections: Text to Text, Text to Self, Text to World V Visualizing: Make a movie in Your mind ? Wondering Questions P Making Predictions: I think….. Because….. ! Surprised by, or learned something new Word New Words