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Presentation transcript:

Actively Learn Reading On this side of the page draw a visual representation of the first reading from James I On this side of the page draw a visual representation of the second reading from Parliament

English Civil War (aka The Wars in the Three Kingdoms) 1638 – 1660

Roots & Causes of the Civil War No. 1 cause = The Stuart kings break cardinal rule of English politics: DON’T TAX WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF PARLIAMENT!!!!

Other causes – i.e. The Stuarts James I (r. 1603-1625) – this should be review from AL Divine Right of Kings: Tries to tax, assign peerage, and effect religion without Parliament Also upsets Puritans – Militant English Calvinists (i.e. hard core Presbyterians) – by forcing Anglicanism (through Bible)

Other causes – i.e. The Stuarts Charles I (r. 1625 – 1649) Unequivocally believes in Divine Right – has two goals 1. Wants to be Christian Warrior Does so by fighting wars on continent, which cost money Parliament says, “OK,” but with stipulations – Petition of Rights Charles gets pissed a dismisses Parliament, eventually for 11 years (1629-1640) Also marries a Catholic – upsets Puritans, a lot

More Charles I 2. Wants to unite England, Scotland, and Ireland Costs money which Charles has little of and thus he collects “a loan” (read: taxes without Parliament) Plans to unite England under common Anglican faith; again upsets Puritans who are Presbyterians Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud sets up special tribunals to hunt down dissenters Subdues England by 1635 and with help of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford – a “Catholic” noble – Catholic Ireland too

More Charles I 2. Wants to unite England, Scotland, and Ireland Turns to Scotland introducing new Book of Common Prayer; lead to riots in Scotland and formation of Scottish army Wentworth suggests they use Irish Catholics to beat the Scottish; causes riots as England shows Protestant solidarity Now, Charles needs money calls Short Parliament which taxes only if he gets rid of the “Catholic-lover” Wentworth Wentworth executed, Irish Catholics feels unprotected and rebel Three rebellions: Force Charles to again call Parliament

Long Parliament Second Parliament called in 1640 is known as the Long Parliament Have not forgotten grievances from 11 years before Led by John Pym King can only tax with consent of Parliament Parliament elected every 3 years (Triennial Act) Parliament must dissolve itself

Long Parliament Armies mobilize, civil war begins in full Charles says “no” Comes to a breaking point when Charles attempts to arrest key Parliament members and they hear about it & sneak out back door Pym says, “clearly we need to defend ourselves from the king,” so Parliament starts to raise an army Parliament makes one ridiculous last ditch effort called “19 Propositions” that the king rejects Armies mobilize, civil war begins in full

“Movie” Time

Choosing sides As with other civil wars, families and friends divided; Brits kill other Brits General breakdown younger Anglicans with Parliament; Catholic and older school Anglicans with king Commoners w/ Parliament; Aristocracy (nobility and rich people) with King Southerners with King; Northerners with Parliament Southern colonies with King; Northern colonies with Parliament

Civil War King vs. Parliament (1642-1648) King, Royalists, “Cavaliers” vs. Parliament, Puritans, “Roundheads” Charles makes a series of military blunders for Cavaliers Roundheads led by MP Oliver Cromwell Won ALL battles that mattered Revolutionized organization and discipline, creating New Model Army Cavaliers surrendered (1646); Cromwell tries to align English values w/ Puritan and “create heaven on earth” 2nd Civil War: king and others think he is going too far; Charles escapes is again defeated and recaptured 1648

Civil War Parliament in charge as a “Republic” Charles I Complete control with Cromwell at the head Removed Royalists from 2nd Civil War creating rubber stamp “Rump Parliament” meets until 1660 Charles I surrendered, tried, executed (January 30, 1649)

Ultimate Results of War: There will never be an English absolute monarch Argument between liberty and obedience—Locke and Hobbes— that reverberates today

Thesis Now, considering the information you just received and the DVD you are going to watch today & tomorrow, write a thesis explaining the reason(s) for the outbreak of the English Civil War after we finish watching.

Ultimate Results of War: There will never be an English absolute monarch Argument between liberty and obedience—Locke and Hobbes— that reverberates today

After the English Civil War

Thesis After winning the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell gradually assumed the role of a dictator—an absolute monarch in everything but name. This upset a country that had been torn apart via Civil War and caused much of England to believe that a codified sharing of powers was necessary. When this could not be solidified under James II, the English welcomed the Glorious Revolution, establishing the beginning of the rule of the common people, natural rights and freedoms and the modern liberal state.

The Republic of England Cromwell purges the House of Commons of the remaining monarchist leaving behind the “Rump Parliament” Crushes any remnants of the rebellion at the Battle of Worcester in 1653 Helps write The Instrument of Government—the first constitution in the English speaking world Abolishes monarchy, establishes Cromwell as Lord Protector, calls for triennial Parliaments Cromwell follows this for two years before getting frustrated and instituting military rule Still trying to create perfect Puritan society (like Utopia or Christianopolis); combined with lack of rights this makes like in England horrible for a few years

The Restoration Charles II – The Restoration Cromwell tries to make son Lord Protector, but he does a bad job; parliament invites Charles I’s son back to rule England Charles II – The Restoration Reinstitution of Magna Carta and Petition of Rights tried religious toleration Emergence of political parties Tories – generally supported the king and Anglican church Whigs – purpose: to strengthen parliament, very anti- Catholic Tries to pass Catholic Exclusion Act but fails Habeas Corpus Act 1679—extended to all Englishmen during peace time

James II & the Glorious Revolution James II (Charles I’s son) (r. 1685 – 1689) – one of the worst kings in English history Mistake #1: Was openly Catholic Wanted: toleration of Catholics ignoring previous act, placed Catholics in high official positions Mistake #2: Openly believed in Divine Right Tried to rule, several times, without Parliament Suspended/ignored various acts/constitutions At first Parliament did nothing, then James’ Catholic wife gave birth to a son…

James II & the Glorious Revolution Parliament called on Mary of Orange (daughter of James II & a protestant) and husband William and invited them to invade the country Promised to back them when they came and make them joint monarchs William arrives with 60,000 men and James runs away No blood is shed whatsoever, no shots fired. William and Mary agree to become joint rulers Parliaments one stipulation: must sign and rule by the Bill of Rights (1689) Known as the Glorious Revolution

English Bill of Rights King/queen could not suspend laws without parliament’s consent need approval to raise taxes had to summon parliament and could not interfere with elections protected rights of individuals Weakened House of Lords and kicked Anglican Church out of Government Not entirely democratic yet – few voted, no religious toleration, but eventually resulted in Made parliament stronger than monarch Established the beginning of Constitutional Monarchy w/ Prime Minister and Cabinet Basis for US Bill of Rights

Ireland and Scotland England left with decision problem of what do with Ireland and Scotland. Background on Ireland: Tries to become free during ECW Rape of Ireland, by Cromwell’s troops, after ECW James II tried to rally Ireland after fleeing England Battle of the Boyne (1690) William’s Dutch/English (i.e. Protestant army) called the Orange Order crush James and remaining Irish Catholic army

Ireland and Scotland Battle of the Boyne (1690) William’s Dutch/English (i.e. Protestant army) called the Orange Order crush James and remaining Irish Catholic army as punishment - Parliament passes Act of Settlement (1701) Encourages upper and upper middle class to resettle in Ireland, mainly in the North Parliament impose harsh penalties on Catholics in Ireland called Irish Penal Laws Catholics could not buy, inherit land from Protestants, could not be elected into Irish Parliament, etc. Cause Irish to rebel with alarming regularity Parliament fears that Scotland will support James Act of Union (1707) joined England and Scotland as United Kingdom of Great Britain Persuades Scots to do this through a series of economic incentives