Surveys, Archival, & Observations

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Presentation transcript:

Surveys, Archival, & Observations Descriptive Research Surveys, Archival, & Observations

Types of Research Strategies Experimental Research Non-Experimental Strategies Descriptive Research Archival Research Survey Research Observational Research Correlation Research Quasi-Experimental Research

Survey Research A self-report method, using questionnaires, personal interviews, telephone, or internet polls

Biased Samples Selection Bias Response Rate Bias A sample that is unrepresentative of the population Selection Bias Procedure to select over or under represents population Response Rate Bias The percentage of people who complete survey are not representative of population

Archival Research An unobtrusive measure that relies on existing records

Content Analysis Where a researcher makes inferences based on specific characteristics objectively identified in messages

Back et al. (2010). “The Emotional Timeline of September 11, 2001, Psychological Science, 21(10), pp. 1417-1419.

Natural Treatments A naturally occurring event that has a significant impact on society at large on a particular members of society

Lasting Consequences of 9/11 Americans reduced air travel after 9/11

Lasting Consequences of 9/11

Survey & Archival Research Disadvantages Response Set Response Bias Selective Deposit Selective Survival Spurious Relationships Advantages Massive Data Collection Able to test things not allowed in experiments Unobtrusive Multi-method contribution of real world behavior

Observational Research Considerations Representative behavior Observation depends on… Level of involvement

Naturalistic Observation When an observer records behavior in a natural setting without intervening

Participant Observation The observer becomes a participant in the setting

Contrived Observation Observation in settings arranged to facilitate the occurrence of a behavior