The HIV-associated renal diseases: Current insight into pathogenesis and treatment  Neil J. Weiner, Jeffrey W. Goodman, Paul L. Kimmel  Kidney International  Volume 63, Issue 5, Pages 1618-1631 (May 2003) DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00901.x Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated immune complex-mediated renal disease (HIV-ICD). Primary HIV-1 infection in patients with specific genetic susceptibilities leads to synthesis of HIV-1 proteins. HIV-1 directly infects renal cells and HIV proteins and peptides (some of which are illustrated in the diagram as examples) may stimulate local cellular immune responses. Alternatively, circulating immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) may react with HIV-1 proteins, forming circulating immune complexes (CICs), which deposit in renal tissue. A cellular immune response, potentially influenced by host genetic factors, may lead to production of cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Such a response may lead to various combinations of inflammatory, sclerotic/fibrotic, and apoptotic responses [see text for details]. Kidney International 2003 63, 1618-1631DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00901.x) Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Percentage of hemodialysis patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the United States, 1985 to 2000. Data used with permission from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA and Seminars in Dialysis122. Kidney International 2003 63, 1618-1631DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00901.x) Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) nephropathy as a primary diagnosis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the United States, 1990 to 1999. Data from the United States Renal Data System28. Kidney International 2003 63, 1618-1631DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00901.x) Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Incidence (%) of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) nephropathy as a primary diagnosis in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the United States, 1990 to 1999. Data from the United States Renal Data System28. Kidney International 2003 63, 1618-1631DOI: (10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00901.x) Copyright © 2003 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions