1. 4. Understand how moving ice acts as an 1.4 Understand how moving ice acts as an agent of erosion and deposition. There are two types of glaciation: 1. Continental Glaciation 2. Alpine Glaciation

Distinguish between the terms alpine glaciation and continental glaciation. (P.32) Alpine glaciers are glaciers that have formed high in mountain valleys; above the snow-line Continental Glaciation: Continental glaciers are glaciers that cover parts of continental land masses; ex. Greenland

Similarities Differences Distinguish between the terms alpine glaciation and continental glaciation. (P.32) Similarities Both move and cause erosion Both change the landscape Both developed in constantly cold < 0 0C Differences Location Alpine = mountain Continental = earth poles Size Alpine > smaller Continental > larger

Continental Glaciers of the World Alpine Glaciers

Continental Glaciers of the World

Canadian Continental Glaciers 18,000 years ago

Canadian Continental Glaciers 10,000 years ago

Currently

1. 4. 1. Define the terms outwash plain, terminal 1.4.1 Define the terms outwash plain, terminal moraine, erratics, drumlins & eskers. (P. 33 que. #12) These features are associated with continental glaciation. See picture p. 34

Outwash Plain Outwash plain: It is like a river delta. Melting water flows from glacier and deposits silt. Deposited in layers (sifted) Small particles carried further away Larger particles drop closer to the glacier Outwash plain

Outwash Plain: Greenland

Terminal Moraine Terminal Moraine Heap, ridge or pile of bulldozed gravel that marks the end of the forward motion of a glacier As glacier retreats it’s deposits debris/gravel P. 34

Terminal Moraine indicates Direction Marks the end of the forward travel.

Erratics Erratics: Erratics are large boulders that were transported long distances and dropped They now sit in a region and look very much out-of-place. P. 34

Erratic (South Coast NL)

Dropped here 11,000 years ago

Drumlins p. 34 Drumlins Egg shaped hills that are formed under glaciers Sloped or pointy end points in direction of ice flow How are drumlins formed?: Ice melts under glacier Deposits of gravel made Glacier moves forward Deposits are bull-dozed along and catches up in rough areas forming piles or drumlins.

Drumlins Indicate Direction of Glacier Movement The glacier travels in the same direction as the small, pointy end!

Eskers p. 34 Eskers: Eskers are long deposits of eroded glacial material Formed by sub-glacial streams that deposit material like all rivers. Highways of the North!!

1. 4. 2. Examine evidence for the direction of movement of. glaciers 1.4.2 Examine evidence for the direction of movement of glaciers. (P. 34 question # 13) Evidence for direction of movement Sloped end of drumlin Location of terminal moraine What is direction of glacier movement in this picture?

Alpine Glaciers

1. 4. 3. Define the terms cirque, arête, hanging valley, 1.4.3 Define the terms cirque, arête, hanging valley, lateral moraine, and terminal moraine. (P. 36) These features are associated with alpine glaciers

1.4.3 Cirque (P. 36) Cirque: A cirque is a circular hollow cut into bedrock during glaciation Side and back walls are steep but front wall opens downward How are cirques formed? Alpine glacier freezes onto mountain valley and as is proceeds it plucks rock from the mountain top leaving the cirque shape.

Real Cirques A cirque but now covered in vegetation Erratic

Arête p. 36 Arête: Steep knife edged ridge between two cirques in a mountainous region.

Hanging Valley Hanging Valley: A high level tributary valley from which the ground falls sharply to the level of the lower, main valley. The depth of the lower valley is due to more severe glaciation.

Hanging Valley

Lateral Moraine & Terminal Moraine Lateral Moraines: A lateral moraine is land-form deposited at the side of a glacier Terminal Moraines: deposits that mark the farthest extent of the glacier Lateral Moraines Terminal Moraine

Alpine Glaciers Alpine glaciers are like very slow moving rivers of ice flowing down high mountain valleys.

1.4.4 Describe how fiords are formed. (P.37) Alpine Glaciers erode troughs & valleys in the mountain 2. Glacier valley reaches the coast. 3. Glacier melts and sea water floods the valley

Fiord in Norway Norway is well known for its abundant fiords