Understanding Human Development 3 Understanding Human Development

Distinguish between growth and development. © Vanessa Nel/Shutterstock

Understanding Human Development Growth refers to physical changes Stages of development are similar for almost everyone

What is the difference between growth and development? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Identify the main types of human development. © spotmatik/Shutterstock

Physical Development Physical development includes gross-motor skills, such as walking and throwing fine-motor skills, such as picking up objects and eating with a spoon

Cognitive Development Cognition involves knowing memorizing sensing organizing © StockLite/Shutterstock continued

Cognitive Development Cognitive development is also called intellectual development Cognitive skills increase gradually over time Connections between brain nerve cells is key to cognitive development Brain connections strengthen with experiences starting in infancy

Social-Emotional Development Social-emotional development includes relationships feelings social skills self-confidence and self-esteem self-control continued

Social-Emotional Development Challenges increase as development progresses © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Develop examples that illustrate principles of development. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Principles of Human Development Development is relatively orderly Developing is a gradual, continual process Development is interrelated Development varies among individuals

Development Is Relatively Orderly Development occurs in a sequence of steps Predictable steps consistently follow one after another Teachers use this knowledge to design appropriate learning strategies for their students’ age

Give examples of how development occurs in predictable steps. © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Development Is a Gradual, Continuous Process Developmental changes happen gradually They become apparent over time © Kharidehal Abhirama Ashwin /Shutterstock

Development Is Interrelated Acquiring new skills requires gains in several areas Physical development Cognitive development Social development Emotional development

As a teen, in what ways have you developed physically. cognitively As a teen, in what ways have you developed physically? cognitively? socially? emotionally? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Development Varies Among Individuals Many factors affect development Each person’s progress is unique Different rates Slightly different time schedules

Define a developmental theory. Apply developmental theories to real-life situations. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Theories of Development Researchers formulate developmental theories by analyzing behavior and development observing people performing experiments considering earlier research studies continued

Theories of Development Developmental theories help teachers understand what students are capable of and why get a broader picture than limited experiences and observations provide Many developmental theories exist

Heredity Versus Environment Nature (heredity) versus nurture (environment) © Felix Mizionikov/Shutterstock continued

Heredity Versus Environment Both influence development Researchers question how large a part each plays in development Genes affect biological factors intellectual potential environment a person seeks out continued

Heredity Versus Environment Behaviors involve multiple genes affected by a variety of environmental factors No single gene determines behavior © marema/Shutterstock continued

Heredity Versus Environment Environmental factors include family—often the greatest effect on development Parenting techniques Stimulating home environment peers—influence increases in later childhood and adolescence Offer equal status, unlike adult-child relationships continued

Heredity Versus Environment community—where a person lives can affect behavior and career expectations Relationship with feelings of self-worth Some offer more cultural opportunities media—often blamed for social problems Also depends on how a person interprets the message Effects may not be immediately apparent continued

Heredity Versus Environment health—some diseases and illnesses interrupt normal development Availability of health care is also a factor nutrition and physical activity—can affect physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development

Which do you think has influenced your development more, heredity or environment? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Behaviorist Theories Behaviorism: behavior determined by forces in the environment beyond individuals’ control People’s thoughts, feeling, and actions depend on experience rather than genetics or free will Infants are “blank screens”

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning—behaviors are associated with responses Pavlov rang bell when feeding dog Eventually when Pavlov rang bell, dog salivated even if no food was given Classical conditioning may occur without training

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning Operant conditioning—people repeat behaviors that have positive results Reinforcement should be removed gradually in unpredictable patterns Negative reinforcement (punishment) reduces unwanted behaviors

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory People of all ages observe and imitate others’ behavior © Lobke Peers/Shutterstock continued

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Reactions to rewards and punishments are filtered by perceptions, thoughts, and motivation Each person’s response is based on personal reactions and the way the individual processes information

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory Four stages of cognitive development At each stage, individuals incorporate what they learn into skills developed in previous stages Children base their thinking on what they learn through their senses continued

Piaget’s Cognitive Theory Stage Description Infancy (Birth to age 2) Sensorimotor Learn through senses Toddler (Ages 2 to 7) Preoperational Communicate through language Early childhood (Ages 7 to 11) Concrete operational Think logically, solve problems Adolescence and adulthood (Age 12 and up) Formal operational Think logically and abstractly, make predictions

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Children are social beings Develop through interactions with parents, teachers, other students Social interaction is critical to cognitive development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Eight stages At each stage, people face and must successfully resolve a psychological or social conflict Unsuccessful resolution affects future stages of development continued

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Stage/Age Task Infancy Trust versus mistrust Toddler Autonomy versus shame and doubt Early childhood Initiative versus guilt Middle childhood Industry versus inferiority Adolescence Identity versus role confusion Young adulthood Intimacy versus isolation Middle adulthood Generativity versus self-absorption Older adulthood Integrity versus despair

Which of Erikson’s stages have you already successfully completed Which of Erikson’s stages have you already successfully completed? How do you know? © Archipoch/Shutterstock

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Everyone follows the same progression Not everyone attains the highest level © iQoncept/Shutterstock continued

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Preconventional morality—depends on whether behavior will be punished or rewarded Conventional morality—motivated by society’s laws and rules Postconventional morality—decisions based on principles and motivated by integrity continued

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg observed only men and boys, no females Researchers such as Carol Gilligan believe women use ideas such as caring as a factor in making moral decisions

Analyze how developmental theories impact teaching. © Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock

Which Theory Is Correct? Each theory is valid to some extent Some theories may be more sound than others Conflict between theories leads to more valid insights Teachers can benefit from understanding several approaches and applying them in the classroom

Which theory discussed do you think would be most valuable to you as a teacher? Why? © Michael D. Brown/Shutterstock

Principles of development help in understanding how people change throughout life Researchers form developmental theories based on their observations and experiments Teachers use these theories to help promote their students’ development

____-____ skills depend on the development of small muscles. Fine-motor Name four basic principles of human development. Development is relatively orderly; is a gradual, continual process; is interrelated; varies among individuals continued

Which behaviorist developed a theory of operant conditioning? B.F. Skinner What are the four stages of Piaget’s cognitive theory? sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational