Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

What do you already know? What are the characteristics of life? Review the following terms: Prokaryote Autotroph Heterotroph Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration

What are bacteria? Microscopic, Unicellular, Prokaryotic organisms containing DNA and ribosomes. May be autotrophs or heterotrophs Bacteria are LIVING!!!! They have ALL the characteristics of living organisms. Found everywhere on earth! Remember these?!!

Basic Structure of Bacteria Protein synthesis carbohydrates that makes up cell wall Movement Attachment & transfer of DNA

Basic Structure of Bacteria Bacterial cell wall is made up of the carbohydrate peptidoglycan   Pilli are used for attachment and for exchange of DNA during sexual reproduction Flagella are used for movement Not all bacteria have flagella.

Bacteria Structure Bacteria are categorized by three distinct shapes: spiral (spirilla)/spirillum Ex: Spirillum volutans spherical (cocci)/coccus Ex: Micrococcus luteus rod-shaped (bacilli)/bacillus Ex: Bacillus cereus video: bacteria shapes

Name These Bacteria Shapes

Bacteria Kingdoms Archaebacteria: “ancient” bacteria; live in harsh environments Eubacteria: “true bacteria” found nearly everywhere else video: bacteria habitats

Archaebacteria Live in extreme, harsh environments. Examples: EXTREMOPHILES!! Live in extreme, harsh environments. Examples: High Temperatures High/Low pH High Salt Concentration THERMOPHILE ACIDOPHILE HALOPHILE Grand Prismatic in Yellowstone’s largest hot springs basin Great Salt Lake once thought to be lifeless is teeming with salt-tolerant bacteria Lemonade Spring in Yellowstone highly acidic

Eubacteria “true bacteria” Very diverse group of bacteria that live everywhere!

Bacteria Metabolism May be heterotrophs: May be autotrophs: Aerobic Respiration: WITH OXYGEN Anaerobic Respiration: withOUT Oxygen May be autotrophs: Photosynthetic ex: cyanobacteria found in lakes & ponds use blue chorophyll for photosynthesis

Questions??

CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False Members of Archaea live in extreme environments. TRUE

CONCEPT REVIEW: True or False Members of Kingdom Eubacteria are lovers of extremes. FALSE

Which micrograph shows bacillus bacteria? CONCEPT REVIEW: Which micrograph shows bacillus bacteria? A B C

Bacteria Function & Reproduction

Not All Bacteria Are Bad!!!

Bacteria Function Bacteria have a variety of important uses: Decompose organic matter (recycle nutrients from dead organisms) Human health (bacteria on skin help prevent infection & bacteria in gut helps digest food & make vitamins)

Bacteria Function Help make food (buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, pickles, and olives) Nitrogen fixation (chemically changes nitrogen gas, N2, into ammonia, NH3, so plants can make amino acids) BioTechnology (used to make antibiotics, insulin)

Bacteria Reproduction Binary Fission: asexual; cell splits into 2 identical cells. Conjugation: cells exchange genetic info through pilus.

Bacteria Form Endospores If conditions are unfavorable, forming an endospore allows bacteria to remain dormant until conditions are favorable again.

Some Bacteria Bad!!! Some bacteria cause diseases like Strep throat, pneumonia & food poisoning Controlling the growth of bacteria Antibiotics: Stop reproduction of bacteria Vaccines: Prevent infections by antibodies