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Hui-Fang Song et al. BTS 2017;2:702-716 In Vivo Engraftment of NDNF Overexpressing Old hBM-MSCs Improved Cardiac Function After MI (A) Representative M-mode echocardiographic images taken 28 days after myocardial infarction (MI) in mice that received implantation of control medium (medium; n = 5), empty vector–transduced human dermal fibroblasts (fibro; n = 6), NDNF-transduced human dermal fibroblasts (fibro+NDNF; n = 6), empty vector–transduced old hBM-MSCs (old; n = 6), NDNF-transduced old hBM-MSCs (old+NDNF; n = 7), or untransduced young hBM-MSCs (young; n = 5) into the border region immediately following MI. (B) Fractional shortening was significantly higher in old+NDNF than in old mice 28 days after MI. (C) Representative pressure-volume loop images taken 28 days after MI. (D) End-systolic and (E) end-diastolic volumes were smallest in young and old+NDNF mice after MI. (F) Systolic function as measured by dP/dt max and (G) diastolic function as measured by dP/dt min were significantly better in old+NDNF mice than in old mice. dP/dt max = maximal rate of pressure increase during isovolumic contraction; dP/dt min = maximal rate of pressure decrease during isovolumic relaxation; other abbreviations as in Figure 1. Hui-Fang Song et al. BTS 2017;2:702-716 2017 The Authors