Review

The Wave Nature of Light

Interference: Young’s Double Slit Experiment

Constructive Interference: Destructive Interference:

Line Spacing for Double-Slit Interference

Diffraction by a Single Slit

Diffraction by a Single Slit

Interference by Thin Film

A beam of light reflected by a material whose index of refraction is greater than that of the material in which it is traveling, changes phase by ½ cycle.

Optical Instruments

Focusing The Eye

The Magnifying Glass

The angular of magnification or magnifying power, M, of the lens is defined as the ratio of the angle subtended by an object when using the lens, to the angle subtended using the unaided eye with the object at the near point of the eye.

Telescopes

Magnification of Telescope M=-fo/fe

Limits of Resolution The ability of, lens to produce distinct images of two point objects very close together is called the resolution of lens.

Lorentz Factor, g

Time Dilation

Clocks moving relative to an observer are measured by that observer to run more slowly.

Length Contraction

Mass and Energy

Early Quantum Theory and Models of the Atom

Energy distributed among the oscillating electric charges of the molecules is not continuous, but instead consists of a finite number of very small discrete amount, each related to the frequency of oscillation as:

Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis Planck’s assumption suggests that the energy of any molecular vibration could be only some whole number multiple of hf:

Photoelectric Effect

De Broglie Wavelength

The Bohr Model

Allowed Angular Momenta

Allowed Radii

Energy Levels of Atom

Bohr’s Third Postulate A single photon is emitted whenever an electron jumps down from one orbit to another.

Quantum Mechanics of Atoms

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

Quantum Mechanical View of Atoms

Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom

n – principal quantum number, positive integer; l – orbital quantum number, is related to the magnitude of the angular momentum of the electron; at given n can take integer values from 0 to (n-1); ml – magnetic quantum number, is related to the direction of the electron’s angular momentum, and it can take an integer values from –l to +l.

Complex Atoms and Periodic Table of Elements

Structure and Properties of the Nucleus

Nuclear Radii

Atomic Mass Unit

Binding Energy and Nuclear Forces

The total mass of a stable nucleus is always less than the sum of the masses of its constituent protons and neutrons.

Radioactivity

Alpha Decay

Q-Value The energy released is called the disintegration energy, Q or Q-value:

Beta Decay

Gamma Decay

Half-Life and Rate of Decay

The number of decays DN that occur in a very short time interval Dt is proportional to Dt and the total number N of radioactive nuclei present: