Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of Nociceptive Pain in Disorders of Consciousness? Francesco Riganello, MSc, Camille Chatelle, PhD, Caroline Schnakers,

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Heart Rate Variability as an Indicator of Nociceptive Pain in Disorders of Consciousness? Francesco Riganello, MSc, Camille Chatelle, PhD, Caroline Schnakers, PhD, Steven Laureys, PhD, MD Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Volume 57, Issue 1, Pages 47-56 (January 2019) DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.016 Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Short-term Complexity Index in healthy controls (HC) and patients. On the left, CIs values for HC and all the patients (DOC), and on the right, for HC, minimally conscious state (MCS), and unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS) groups, in the baseline (white), nonnoxious (light gray), and noxious (dark gray) conditions. The box represents the first and third quartile, the whiskers are the 1.5 interquartile range, the black lines are the medians, and points are outliers. The asterisk (*) highlights significant differences: *P = 0.007; **P = .001; ***P = 0.0001. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2019 57, 47-56DOI: (10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.016) Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Scatterplot of the Coma Recovery Scale–Revised (CRS-R) scores and the short-term Complexity Index (CIs) values in noxious condition for unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (VS/UWS; black dots) and minimally conscious state (MCS; light gray dots) patients. Dashed black line represents the quadratic trend for the group (R2 = 0.342). Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2019 57, 47-56DOI: (10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.016) Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Terms and Conditions

Scheme 1 Coarse-graining procedure. (A) Scale 2, (B) scale 3, where the “x” series is the original time series and the “y” is the new time series constructed through an averaging of the data points. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2019 57, 47-56DOI: (10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.016) Copyright © 2018 American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Terms and Conditions