Blood and Lymphatic Systems

OVERVIEW: Blood Function: to transport oxygen and nutrients to the body and remove waste products Components: Plasma: water, nutrients, clotting factors Erythrocytes: RBCs- carry oxygen Leukocytes: WBCs- help in immunity Platelets: cell fragments that help form blood clots

Blood Type A: has antigen A on blood cells and antibody B in blood Type B: has antigen B on blood cells and antibody A in blood Type AB: has both A and B antigens on blood cells and no antibodies (universal recipient) Type O: has no antigens on blood cells and both A and B antibodies in blood (universal donor)

Rh Factors Rh positive: has Rh antigens on blood cells Rh negative: NO Rh antigens

Overview Immunologist: medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the immune system Hematologist: medical doctors who specialize in blood diseases Oncologist: medical doctor specializing in malignant and nonmalignant tumors

Immune System Function: to protect the body from invasion of foreign organisms Parts: White blood cells: monocytes and lymphocytes

Lymphatic System Function: works with the immune system to filter blood plasma Parts: Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus and spleen Lymph: fluid that circulates in lymph vessels and helps to filter the blood

Diseases and Conditions Anemia: a deficiency of RBCs or hemoglobin production, increased RBC destruction, or loss of blood Aplastic anemia: bone marrow is not producing enough RBCs (serious but rare) Pernicious anemia: a deficiency of RBCs caused by vitamin B₁₂ not being absorbed by the body Thalassemia: a group of hereditary anemias caused by lack of hemoglobin production Common in Mediterranean people

Diseases and Conditions Hemophilia: a group of hereditary bleeding disorders that involves deficiency in blood clotting factors Leukemia: a malignant disease of the bone marrow that results in increased WBC production Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): an infection caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that suppresses the immune system Hodgkin Lymphoma: a malignant disease of the lymphocytes (young adults)

Diseases and Conditions Immunodeficiency disease: any group of diseases caused by a defect in the immune system causing susceptibility to infections and diseases Kaposi sarcoma: a malignancy of connective tissue (bone, fat, muscle) that metastasizes to organs Usually associated with AIDS Lymphadenitis: inflammation and enlargement of the lymph nodes because of infection Lymphedema: localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by lymphatic system blockage

Diseases and Conditions Mononucleosis: acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Symptoms: sore throat, fever, fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes Multiple myeloma: a malignant disease of lymphocytes Non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a group of 20 types of lymphomas that occur in older adults Opportunistic infection: infections that result from a defective immune system that cannot defend against pathogens normally found in the environment

Diagnostic Procedures Bone Marrow Aspiration: removal of bone marrow tissue for biopsy Complete blood count: (CBC) a blood test to determine infections, anemias and other diseases ELISA: test to screen blood for HIV antibodies Lymphangiography: radiographic examination of lymph glands and vessels to view lymph flow Tissue typing: used to determine compatibility of tissues used in transplants Western blot: detects presence of viral DNA in the blood

Medical and Surgical Procedures Blood transfusion: replacement of blood lost through trauma, surgery or disease Bone marrow transplant: diseased bone marrow destroyed by radiation and chemotherapy gets replaced with healthy marrow Lymphangiectomy: removal of lymph vessels

Pharmacology Immunizations: vaccination to induce immunity to infectious disease Immunosuppressants: suppress the immune system to prevent tissue rejection Thrombolytics: dissolve a blood clot Vaccinations: introduction of altered viruses or bacteria into the body to produce an immune response and protect against disease

Abbreviations A, B, AB, O: blood types in ABO blood group AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome CA: cancer DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid CBC: complete blood count EBV: Epstein-Barr virus ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Abbreviations HIV: human immunodeficiency virus KS: Kaposi sarcoma PCP: pneumocystis pneumonia RBC: red blood cell SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus WBC: white blood cell WNL: within normal limits