Algebraic and Logical Query Languages pp.54 is added Chapter 5 Algebraic and Logical Query Languages pp.54 is added

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags What is a bag?

Bags What is a bag? Bag is a relation that may( or may not ) have duplicate tuples. Example: A B 1 2 3 4

Bags continue Since the tuple (1,2) appear three times this is a bag

5.1.1 Why Bags? Speed Example: Suppose I want the projection of A and B from the following relation. A B C 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 8

I simply cut attribute C and get the result 1 2 3 4 I created a table and copy A and B to it. Simple and fast!

Now suppose I wanted a set with no duplication I will have to take the first tuple and put it in A B 1 2 I will then have to read the second tuple and compare it against the first. A B 1 2 3 4

Since they are different I will include this tuple in the result and get B 1 2 3 4 Now I will read the third tuple and compare it to the first. A B 1 2 3 4 1 2

Since they are the same I will not include this tuple. The point is that I had to do a lot of work. Each new tuple has to be compared with all other tuples before I could add it to the set. Hence time consuming.

Another reason to use bags Suppose I would like to calculate the average Of attribute A. Suppose farther that A = revenue in million of dollars. A B C 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 Then the average of a set will be 2 and the actual average is 1.5. this is substantial difference.

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags 5.1.2 Union intersection and Difference of bags

Union of bags RUS that same as regular union only welcomes duplications. Suppose we have two grocery bags. One has two boxes of Oreos the second has five boxes or Oreos. I consolidate the two bags into one bag with 2+5=7 Oreo boxes.

Intersection of Bags R ∩ S If the tuple t appears n times in R and m times in S then the tuple t appear min(m, n) times in the intersection. That is because the intersection it the common element in R and S and the relations has exactly min(m, n) in common.

The difference of R and S Each occurrence of t in S will cancel one occurrence of t in R. Then output is the “left over” of t.

Examples of union, intersection and difference on bags

Let R be the relation (bag) 1 2 3 4 * Let S be the relation bellow.(bag) A B 1 2 3 4 5 6

Then R U S in a bag is simply the two tables written together. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6

Intersection of bags R ∩ S 1 2 3 4

The difference of bags R and S, R-S 1 2

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags 5.1.3. Projection of Bags It has been explained previously (simply cut)

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags 5.1.4 Selection on Bags

Selection on bags Let R be the bag A B C 1 2 5 3 4 6 7 8 σC>=6(R)

Since it is a bag we allow duplication σC>=6(R) A B C 3 4 6 1 2 7 8 Since it is a bag we allow duplication

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags 5.1.5 Product of Bags

Product on bags R X S Bag R A B 1 2 Bag S A B 2 3 4 5

Product on bags As we learned earlier each row from R has to be paired with ALL rows in S. A R.B S.B C 1 2 3 4 5

Product on bags As we learned earlier each row from R has to be paired with ALL rows in S. A R.B S.B C 1 2 3 4 5

Product on bags continue Notice that in the above bag we again used the convention for the attribute name. B appear twice so we call it R.B and S.B. Equivalent Relation

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags 5.1.6 Joins of Bags

Joins of bags ∞ We compare each tuple of one relation with each tuple of the other, decide whether or not this pair of tuples joins successfully, and if so we put the resulting tuple in the answer. When constructing the answer we permit duplication.

Example of Joins in bags ∞ Relation R A B 1 2 Relation S A B 2 3 4 5

Result of R ∞ S A B C 1 2 3 Please notice that unlike the product we do not write B for each relation. We are “naturally” joining the relations. Think of it as the transitive rule.

Theta-join in bags Find the product of the two relations select only these tuples that comply with the condition. Allow duplications It is the symbol ∞C with condition beneath it.

Example theta join Relation R A B 1 2 Relation S A B 2 3 4 5

The theta-join of R and S with the condition R.B <S.B 1 2 3 4 5 2< 4 hence selected

5.1 Relational Operations on Bags 1. Exercise from previous section (Team 3/7) P52: upload Fig 2.20-21 into your oracle (submit the source codes: create and insert statements to grader 5.1.7 Exercises for Section 5.1 Ex 5.1.1 (3/7) Ex 5.1.4 Assigned in the Class List them into the algebraic law Table

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.1 Duplicate Elimination

The duplicate-elimination operator δ Turns a bag into set. Eliminate all but one copy of each tuple. Relation R A B 1 2 3 4

Apply the duplication eliminator to R δ(R) B 1 2 3 4 ( δ is the Greek letter Delta)

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.2 Aggregation Operators

Aggregation operators Aggregation operators apply to attributes (columns ) of relations. Example of aggregation operators are sums and averages.

Example of aggregation operators B 1 2 3 4 Relation R SUM(B)= 2+4+2+2=10 AVG(A)=(1+3+1+1)/4 MIN(A)=1 MAX(B)=4 COUNT(A)=4  number of elements in A

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.3 Grouping

Grouping Grouping of tuples according to their value in one or more attributes has the effect of partitioning the tuples of a relation into groups.

Example of grouping Studio name Length Disney 123 MGM 345 Century fox 678 900 23 Suppose we use the aggregation, sum(length). This aggregation will give us the sum of the whole column.

Example of grouping continue but suppose we want to know the total umber of minutes of movies produced by each studio. Then we must have sub tables within the table. Each sub table represent a studio. We will do that by grouping by studio name. Now we can apply the aggregation operator sum( length) to each group.

Example of grouping continue Studio name Length MGM 23 345 Century fox 678 900 Disney 123 Now the table is grouped by studio name and we can apply the aggregation operator sum(length)

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.4 The Grouping Operator

The grouping operator ϒ Given the schema StarsIn(title, year, StarName) We would like to find the starName of each star who appeared in at least three movies and earliest year in which they appear. How can we approach this problem?

Grouping operator continue We must first group by StarName. It is very intuitive. We want to partition the table into stars and then we can do all the tests for each star In relational algebra we write ϒ StarName Bellow is the table grouped by starName Group by

MOVIETITLE MOVIEYEAR STARNAME Blood Diamond 2006 Leonardo Dicaprio The Quick and the Dead 1995 Titanic 1997 The Departed Body of lies 2008 Inception 2010 Somersault 2004 Samuel Henry Macbeth Love my Way The Great Raid 2005 Terminator Salvation 2009 Avatar Perseus Autumn in 2000 Vera A Farmiga Dust 2001 Mind the Gap

Notice that in the above table there are three groups one for each Star. Now for each group we are interested in the first year in which the Star appeared, and we would like to know if he played in 3 or more movies. We will use the aggregations min(year) and count(title)>=3

The grouping operator continue How these aggregations works? In each group separately we look for the min year In each group we look for the number of titles in this group. If the number of titles in a group is grate then 3, then this will be sent to the output otherwise this group is eliminated.

Final statement in the grouping operator ϒ starName, min(year)->minYear, count(title)->ctTitle(StarsIn) Group by Find the minimum of each group Count the number of title in each group Then

Final statement in the grouping operator  starName (ctTitle>3(ϒ starName, min(year)->minYear, count(title)->ctTitle(StarsIn))) See Fig 5.5 for tree expresion

Final statement in the grouping operator  starName (ctTitle>3(ϒ starName, min(year)->minYear, count(title)->ctTitle(StarsIn)))

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.5 Extending the Projection Operator

Extending the projection operator We can include, renaming and arithmetic operators in projection. Example: π A, B+C-->X Rename it to X Projection Of attribute A And Add the value in B and C

Extending the projection operator continue Relation R A B C 1 2 3 4 5 B+C=X Relation S A X 3 9

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.6 The Sorting Operator

Sorting operator τ The sorting operator turns a relation into a list of tuples, sorted according to one or more attributes.

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.7 Outerjoins

Outer join Youtube link http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L5sKDSgPt7M

Outerjoins A B C B C D

Simple outer join First find all tuple that agree and pair them. Notice that unlike product the tuples that matches do not repeat. Next we deal with tuples that do not agree. We call these dangling tuples. Add the dangling tuples but what ever is messing add null. example:

A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B C D 2 3 10 11 6 7 12 If I was doing natural join I would be done here. These are the only matching tuples

A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B C D 2 3 10 11 6 7 12 But what about the dangling tuples. In the outer join we have to account for them too

Outer joins A B C D 1 2 3 10 11 4 5 6 Null 7 8 9 12

Left outer join The easier way of thinking of it is that we must keep all the tuples from the left relation.

A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B C D 2 3 10 11 6 7 12

Example of left outer join Step one do normal join. That is write all the tuples that pair correctly. A B C D 1 2 3 10 11

Left outer join Next look at the left relation and see that second and third tuples were not used. We must use them A B C D 1 2 3 10 11 4 5 6 NULL 7 8 9 I have use the left relation fully

A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 B C D 2 3 10 11 6 7 12

Example of right outer join Step one do natural join. That is write all the tuples that pair correctly. Same exact step as the left outer join. I actually copied and paste it. A B C D 1 2 3 10 11

Example right outer join continue Now look for the tuple that were not used in the right relation. That is the third tuple. Add this tuple to complete the right outer join. A B C D 1 2 3 10 11 NULL 6 7 8

5.2 Extended Operators of Relational Algebra 5.2.8 Exercises for Section 5.2 1. Show the commutate law for Cartesian Product by example in pp.25 2. Exercise 5.2.1 (a), (b)

5.3 A Logic for Relations 5.3.1 Predicates and Atoms

Relational Algebra Thanks

5.3 A Logic for Relations 5.3.2 Arithmetic Atoms

5.3 A Logic for Relations 5.3.3 Datalog Rules and Queries

5.3 A Logic for Relations 5.3.4 Meaning of Datalog Rules

5.3.5 Extensional and Intensional Predicates

5.3 A Logic for Relations 5.3.6 Datalog Rules Applied to Bags

5.3 A Logic for Relations 5.3.7 Exercises for Section 5.3

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.1 Boolean Operations

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.2 Projection

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.3 Selection

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.4 Product

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.5 Joins

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.6 Simulating Multiple Operations with Datalog

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.7 Comparison Between Datalog and Relational Algebra

5.4 Relational Algebra and Datalog 5.4.8 Exercises for Section 5.4

5.5 Summary of Chapter

5 5.6 References for Chapter 5