Managing CKD-Associated Anemia in Challenging Patients

Definition of ESA Resistance

EPO Resistance

Clinical Implications of ESA Use

ESA Use in CKD and CV Outcomes Trials

ESA Hyporesponse Associated With Higher Mortality in HD

HIF-PH Inhibitors Under Development

HIF-PH Inhibitor Mechanism of Action

Role of HIF-PH Inhibitors in Iron-Restricted, EPO-Deficient Anemias

HIF-PH Inhibitors Achieve Target Hb Within or Near Physiologic EPO Cmax Levels

Role of the ERFE

Efficacy in Raising Hb in Dialysis Patients

HIF-PH Inhibitors in ESA-Naive Patients

HIF-PH Inhibitors and Inflammatory Markers

Potential Consequences of Modulating HIF

Effect of Altitude on Anemia, ESA Use, and Mortality

Abbreviations

Abbreviations (cont)