UNIT 1: FOUNDATIONS TEST REVIEW

5 THEMATIC PERIODS OF HISTORY Foundations (8,000 B.C.E. to 600 C.E.) Post Classical (600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.) Early Modern Period (1450-1750). Modern Period (1750-1914). Contemporary Period (1914-present).

Why is geography important to history? Shows connections between people, places, and events Rivers – Civilizations developed along rivers; used for transportation; provided fertile land for agriculture Mountains – acted as protective barriers for civilizations

Paleolithic vs. Neolithic Nomads Hunter-gatherers Men and women contributed to feeding the group Made simple tools from stones Dev. spoken language Built fires Temporary dwellings NEOLITHIC: Agriculture Domestication More patriarchal Food Surplus Higher Popul. Job specialization Social Classes Changing Gender Roles

Small Group Discussion Questions What is prehistory? What are the components of a civilization? What is the difference between a civilized society and a non-civilized society?

3500 B.C.E. first civilization Still had some nomadic groups First River Valley Civilizations: Mesopotamia Egypt Indus River Valley (Harappan) Shang China (Huang He)

Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent – between the Tigris and Euphrates River Modern-day Iraq Sumer – 1st civilization All civilizations had slaves Polytheistic, except for the Hebrews Accomplishments Ziggurats Cuneiform Hammurabi’s Code Judaism Extensive trade

Egypt Nile River Pharoahs Retained a unified state throughout much of history Had a hierarchal social structure Hieroglyphics Polytheistic Believed in the Afterlife

China is the oldest, continuous civilization China – Huang He Zhou Dynasty Mandate of Heaven Era of the Warring States Began Grand Canal China is the oldest, continuous civilization Shang Dynasty Bronze Ancestor worship Oracle bones

India Indus River Valley Polytheistic Major Cities: Harappa and Mohenjo Daro Trade Writing system has not been deciphered Invaded by the Aryans Introduced the Vedas (foundation of Hinduism) Developed Caste System

Classical Civilizations 800 B.C.E. – 600 C.E. China India Mediterranean World Greece Rome

China Qin (403-221 BCE) Han (206 BC – 220 CE) Shi Huangdi unified China through legalism, unified laws, currencies, weights and measures Great Wall of China Han (206 BC – 220 CE) Centralized rule Wu Ti – most important emperor Civil service exams Foreign expansion Tribute system Trade was important Silk Roads Scholar-gentry highes level in society Key Inventions: paper Wheel barrow Horse collar Watermills

India Mauryan Empire (320s BC) Chandragupta filled the vacuum left when Alexander the Great retreated from India Ashoka declared Buddhism the official religion Expanded trade Built roads and hospitals Gupta Empires (320 CE) Chandra Gupta I – united India Connected to China by the Silk Roads Indian Ocean Trade Monsoons Patriarchal society Advances in mathematics such as geometry and Arabic numbers

Greece Polis = city-states Sparta – military society Athens – political society; golden age; direct democracy Persian Wars against Persia Pelopponesian War – Sparta defeats Athens Hellenism – Alexander the Great spreads Greek culture Patriarchal Society Relied heavily on slavery Philosophers – Plato, Aristotle , and Socrates

Romans 509 BC – Republic Formed Punic Wars – fought against Carthage Divided into two classes Plebians and Patricians Punic Wars – fought against Carthage Julius Caesar – conquered Gaul (France); declared himself emperor; killed the republic Octavian/Augustus Caesar = Pax Romana Accomplishments Law of the Twelve Tables Extensive Roads Uniform Currency Latin Language Adopted Christianity as its official religion

Classical Civilizations How are these different from earlier civilizations? Geographically larger than earlier civilizations – expansionist. Economic integration Conquests, which led to empires Social class distinctions Use of iron, instead of stone tools

Classical comparisons Similarities: All agrarian All expanding All work hard on integration All patriarchal All: lower classes – most of pop. All elites comfortable with social inequality

Classical comparisons Women and education: China: women were not to be educated – Confucius: prepare women for housework. Upper class women in all had more possibilities Possibly Roman women had best education of all 3.

Classical comparisons Women and property ownership: Greece Sparta (yes) Athens (no) Better in Rome (late Republic) China – Women COULD NOT own property.

Classical comparisons Decline: Where was it most severe? Rome (Western) Least severe? Probably India – Gupta to 1947 – no significant decline in culture, economy.

Classical comparisons Which of the 3 was most likely to encounter social protest? China!!! – Confucianism a double edged sword – higher classes deserve to be where they are UNLESS they don’t take care of the people. Next, the Mediterranean Least likely to have social protest: India – Caste / Hinduism kept you in your place with hope after reincarnation

Classical comparisons Economic comparisons: Which was least effective in production technology? Mediterranean heavy reliance on slaves stifled creativity Greek scientists separated themselves from technology.

New World Religions Hinduism oldest religion Evolved, no founder Dhara Reincarnation Caste system Buddhism Siddartha Gautama (563 BC – 483 C) Find a way to end suffering Ashoka converted to Buddhism Four Noble Truths Eight-fold Path

New World Religions Confucianism Confucius (551-479 BC) Developed during Era of Warring States Believed in filial piety – respect for elders Educated is the most worthy Thrived during Han dynasty Civil service exam Hierarchy: Scholars – peasants - merhants

New World Religions Daoism Laozi “the way” Harmony with nature Yin/yang Rejected government involvement Legalism Strict laws and harsh punishment Philosophy, not really a religion Qin dynasty

New World Religions Judaism Christianity 2000-1000 BC Hebrews enslaved in Egypt Ten Commandments 1st monotheistic religion 135 CE – Romans led to Diaspora – dispersion of Jews outside of Israel Christianity Jesus – 4 BCE Started as a sect of Judaism New Testament Edict of Milan legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire 313 CE Spread throughout Rome

Trade Routes Silk Road Mediterranean Indian Ocean Because of trade, disease spread and population declined 25%.

Collapse of Classical Period (200 C.E. to 600 C.E.) Collapse of Han, Rome, Gupta (In that order - 5th and 6th centuries). Han – internal Gupta – external Rome - both