Chapter 11 - Punctuation Diagnostic - Page 264, #1-20 Can write the entire sentence with correct punctuation OR Can write the word before and after the correct punctuation Computers, therefore, are tea. Add periods, question marks, exclamation points, and commas where needed

End marks Periods, question marks, or exclamation points A statement or declarative sentence = period . A question or interrogative sentence = question mark ? An exclamation or exclamatory sentence = exclamation point ! A command/request or imperative sentence = period or exclamation point Classwork: Exercise 1 on page 266-267 Identify each sentence as declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative and write the end mark needed.

Abbreviations Shortened form of a word or word group Use a period after certain abbreviations *don’t use text abbreviations in your writing!

Abbreviations Personal Names Abbreviate names only if the person is most commonly known by the abbreviated form of the name Ida B. Wells J.K. Rowling H.G. Wells

Abbreviations - Titles Social titles - abbreviate before the full name or before the last name alone Mr. Tom Evans or Mr. Evans Ms. Jody Aiello or Ms. Aiello Sra. Patty Garza or Sra. Garza Abbreviate civil/military titles before full names or before initials and last names Spell out titles before last names used alone Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchinson -- Senator Hutchinson Prof. Josh Murray -- Professor Murray Abbreviate titles and academic degrees that follow names Hank Williams, Jr. Peter Garcia, M.D. Don’t be repetitive = Dr. Peter Garcia, M.D.

Abbreviations - Acronyms An acronym is a word formed from the first (or first few) letters of a series of words Written without periods Spell out the name of the organization or agency first, then use acronym Examples: American Medical Association - AMA United States Air Force - USAF United Nations - UN Some acronyms are now considered common nouns, so no need to spell out on first use or capitalize them radar, sonar, laser

Abbreviations - Geographical Terms In text - spell out names of states and other terms In tables, notes, ect.. you can abbreviate these names Examples: We went to visit Victoria, the capital of British Columbia. Victoria, B.C. Include the abbreviation D.C. with Washington to distinguish it from the state Addresses In text, spell out every word - We live at 123 West Maple Street. Abbreviate on envelopes and in tables - 413 W. Maple St. State abbreviations without periods are only used when followed by a zip code Palos Verdes, CA 90274

Abbreviations - Time A.D. and B.C. Months/Days Time of day A.D. precedes the number - in A.D. 1902 B.C. follows the number - in 700 B.C. These follow the name of a century - in the sixth century A.D. Months/Days In text - spell it out - The last day of school before break is Friday, December 16. Tables, notes, etc.. - Fri., Dec. 16 Time of day A.M. and P.M. follow the numbers I work from 7:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. Don’t be repetitive and say “I woke up at 6:00 A.M. this morning.”

Abbreviations - Units of Measurement Usually written without periods Except for inch, written as in. so it is not confused with the word “in” Spell out in text, can abbreviate in notes/lists/etc… The speed limit on the freeway is 65 miles per hour. 65 mph Classwork: Exercise 2 on pages 270-271 - don’t need to write the entire sentence, just the phrase of the changed parts.

Commas Items in a series - place a comma after each item in a series/list Examples: All my cousins, aunts, and uncles came to our family reunion. (words in a series) The children played in a yard, at the playground, and by the pond. (phrases in a series) The last comma before the and is optional if the meaning is clear without it. The salad had lettuce, cucumbers, tomatoes and radishes. CLEAR Our school newspaper has editors for news, sports, humor, features and art. NOT CLEAR Some words are used in pairs and can be considered one item - bread and butter - and can be used as one item in a series. Our collection includes pop, reggae, mariachi, rhythm and blues, and hip-hop music.

Commas If items in a series are joined by and, or, nor, do not use commas to separate them Sam or Carlos or Yolanda will be able to come tomorrow. I need tacks and nails and a hammer. Neither horses nor elephants nor giraffes are carnivorous.

Commas Short independent clauses may be separated by commas The engine roared, the wheels spun, and a cloud of dust swirled behind the sports car. Use commas to separate two or more adjectives preceding a noun Are you going to the hot, crowded, noisy mall? When the last adjective before the noun is considered part of the noun, no comma needed I study in our small dining room. Classwork Page 273-274, #1-10 Write the word and comma that goes after it

Independent Clauses Independent clause - expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence Use a comma before and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet when it joins independent clauses Examples: Hector pressed the button, and the engine started up. Are you going to the football game, or did you have other plans for Saturday? Exercise 5, pages 275-276 - write the word preceding the comma, the comma, and the conjunction following it. Write C if the sentence is correct.

Nonessential clauses and phrases Nonessential clause adds information that is not necessary to the main idea in the sentence Use commas to set off nonessential clauses and phrases Examples: Elieen Murray, who is at the top of her class, wants to go to medical school. Eileen Murray wants to go to medical school. The Lord of the Rings, written by J.R.R. Tolkien, has been translated into many languages. The Lord of the Rings has been translated into many languages.

Essential clauses and phrases Essential clauses or phrases are necessary to the meaning of a sentence They specify which one(s) Examples: All students whose names are on that list must report to Ms. Washington this afternoon. All students must report to Ms. Washington this afternoon. - It changes the meaning A Ming vase displayed in the museum was once owned by Chiang Kai-shek. A Ming vase was once owned by Chiang Kai-shek. Exercise 6 - pages 277-278 - add or delete commas to punctuate the clauses correctly. Write C if correct.

Interrupters and Appositives Use commas to set off elements that interrupt a sentence May also come at the beginning or end of a sentence. Nevertheless, you must go with me. His guitar, according to him, once belonged to Bo Diddley. Appositive - a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it Eric, a talented musician, plans to study in Europe. When appositives are nonessential, they are set off with commas Elizabeth Pena, my favorite actress, stars in the movie I rented. Their new parrot, Mina, is very gentle. When appositives are essential, there are no commas My friend Tamisha lost her wallet. (specifies which friend) Exercise 9, pgs 283-284 - use commas to punctuate correctly or write Correct

More interrupters Words used in direct address are set off by commas Linda, you know the rules. Your room, Bernice, needs cleaning. Parenthetical expressions - side remarks that add information or relate ideas Examples found on page 285 - after all, generally speaking, on the other hand, etc…. Of course, I am glad that he called me about the extra movie tickets. She is, in fact, a dentist. You should try out for quarterback, in my opinion. Some expressions may not be parenthetical Sandra, I think, will enjoy the program. I think Sandra will enjoy the program. Exercise 10, pg 286 - add commas where necessary

Conventional Uses of Commas Separate items in dates and addresses After Tuesday, November 23, 2001, address all orders to Emeryville, CA 94608. Please send your cards by November 23, 2000, to 7856 Hidalgo Way, Emeryville, CA 94608. Commas are not needed if the date precedes the month or only if the month and year are given We returned to school on 3 January 2017. The hurricane hit Florida in August 1992. Use a comma after the salutation of a personal letter and after the closing of a letter Dear Mr. Dog, Sincerely, Use commas to set off abbreviations such as Jr., Sr., or M.D. when they follow a person’s name Please welcome Allen Davis, Sr. Review D pg 287-288 - place commas where needed