SB1. Students will analyze the nature of relationships between structures and functions in living things Macromolecules c. Identify the function of the four major macromolecules (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids).

LEQ2. What is the role of the four major macromolecules? Essential Question What is the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells? LEQ2. What is the role of the four major macromolecules?

VOCABULARY YOU NEED TO KNOW Macromolecule or Organic Compound Carbohydrate Lipid Nucleic Acid Protein Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Amino Acid Polypeptide Saturated Unsaturated

Biochemical Compounds Living things depend on biochemical processes that involve chemical reactions among biochemical compounds. There are 4 main classes of biochemical compounds Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates Found in breads, pastas, and fruit Contain C,O, and H Examples: Sugars, Starches, and Cellulose Used as sources of energy for cells Some carbs give structure to living cells In plants, cellulose is a rigid material that gives support to plant cells

Monosaccharide The simplest type of carbohydrate Examples of monosaccharide Glucose Galactose Fructose All of these are simple sugars Glucose

Disaccharides Two monosaccharides bonded together Example of a disaccharide Sucrose Sucrose is commonly known as table sugar

Polysaccharides Chains of Monosaccharides Examples Starch Cellulose Glycogen

All of the following statements about carbohydrates are true EXCEPT: CONCEPT CHECK All of the following statements about carbohydrates are true EXCEPT: Used as a source of energy for cells Cellulose is used in plants to give the rigidity and support Some carbs give structure to living cells Carbohydrates act as waterproof coverings for cells

Carbon Bonds Each molecule of carbohydrate contains many carbon bonds As these bonds are broken, quick energy is released for use by the organism

Proteins Organic molecules composed of many atoms of C, H, O, and N Made of building blocks called amino acids Amino acid-carbon compound whose molecule contains at least one amino group (-NH ) and one carboxyl group (-COOH)

Proteins Amino acids join together to form chains There are 20 different amino acids The amino group of one amino acid bonds to the carboxyl group of another The bond that holds two amino acids together is called a peptide bond

Proteins When two amino acids bond together, they form a dipeptide Additional amino acids may join with a dipeptide to form a polypeptide

Proteins-Levels of Organization 1st Level: Protein Chain 2nd Level: Chain that is coiled or folded into spirals 3rd Level: Chain that is twisted or folded into a 3D shape 4th Level: More than one chain bound together, each chain with a specific arrangement

Role of Proteins The sequence and arrangement of amino acids determines the specific role of the protein Functional Take part in chemical reactions and transporting materials (hormones, such as insulin, and catalysts such as enzymes) Structural Serve as building blocks (Collagen-forms bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage)

Proteins are made up of building blocks called: CONCEPT CHECK Proteins are made up of building blocks called: Nucleic acids Carbs Amino acids Polypeptides

Lipids Examples: Fats and oils Organic molecules that do not dissolve or break apart in water Found as fats in animals and oil in plants Store energy from excess food and insulate and waterproof organisms

Lipids Many lipids are formed from a combination of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules Consist of C, H, and O Saturated-if each carbon atom in the fatty acid chains is joined to another carbon by a single bond Unsaturated-if there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Nucleic Acids The information that is passed on from one generation of cells to the next-genetic information- is stored in nucleic acids Made of C,H,O,N, and P Nucleic acids are assembled from individual units called nucleotides 2 Most important nucleic acids DNA (Deoxyrionucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

Nucleic Acids The genetic information is stored in DNA. It is TRANSCRIBED into RNA, and then used to direct the production of PROTEINS!

CONCEPT CHECK After analyzing the following statements determine which of the following statements is true about lipids? Lipids act as waterproof coverings An example of lipids is fats and waxes Saturated and unsaturated fats exist All of the above are true

CONCEPT CHECK Amino acids are to proteins as __________ are to nucleic acids.