Negative lifestyle is associated with a significant reduction in fecundity  Mohamed A.M Hassan, M.Sc., Stephen R Killick, M.D.  Fertility and Sterility  Volume 81, Issue 2, Pages 384-392 (February 2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.027

FIGURE 1 Effect of each of the lifestyle variables on fecundity, expressed as time to pregnancy (TTP) in months. The values in each figure represent the mean TTP for each of the subgroups of the lifestyle variables, and the error bars represent the standard error of the mean. (A) Women's smoking and (B) men's smoking. The number of cigarettes/day smoked by women and their partners, respectively, were (I) nonsmokers, (II) ≤5, (III) 6–10, (IV) 11–15, (V) 16–20, and (VI) >20. (P values are <.001 and .05, respectively.) (C) Women's alcohol consumption and (D) men's alcohol consumption. The amounts of alcohol in units/week consumed by women and their partners, respectively, were: (I) nonconsumers, (II) ≤5, (III) 6–10, (IV) 11–15, (V) 16–20, and (VI) >20. (P values are .05 and .009, respectively.) (E) Women's coffee and tea intake. The amount of women's coffee and tea per day in cups/day was: (I) nonconsumers, (II) ≤5, (III) 6–10, (IV) 11–15, (V) 16–20, and (VI) >20. (P = .01.) (F) Women's obesity presented by BMI. Women's BMI in kg/m2 were: (I) <19, (II) 19–24, (III) 25–29, (IV) 30–34, (V) 35–39, and (VI) >39. (P < .001.) Hassan. Lifestyle and fecundity.Fertil Steril 2004. Fertility and Sterility 2004 81, 384-392DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.027)

FIGURE 2 The absolute cumulative effect of increasing numbers of negative lifestyle variables on fecundity, expressed as time to pregnancy (TTP) in months. These variables include women's smoking >15 cigarettes/day, men's smoking >15 cigarettes/day, men's alcohol >20 units/week, women's coffee/tea intake ≥7 cups/day, women's weight >70 kg, social deprivation score >60, women's age >35 years, and/or partners' age >45 years at the time of discontinuing contraception. The bold values represent the mean TTP for subgroups with increasing numbers of the negative lifestyle variables, and the error bars represent the standard error of the mean. The dashed lines point to the subgroups between which the shown P values were calculated. Hassan. Lifestyle and fecundity.Fertil Steril 2004. Fertility and Sterility 2004 81, 384-392DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.027)

FIGURE 3 The effect of increasing numbers of negative lifestyle variables on the cumulative conception rates within 1 year for a pregnant population. These variables include women's smoking >15 cigarettes/day, men's smoking >15 cigarettes/day, men's alcohol >20 units/week, women's coffee or tea intake >7 cups/day, women's weight >70 kg, social deprivation score >60, women's age >35 years, and/or partners' age >45 years at the time of discontinuing contraception. The lines represent the cumulative conception rates for subgroups with different numbers of negative lifestyle variables as follows: ○ No negative variables; ■ One negative variable; × Two negative variables; ▵ Three negative variables; ♦ Four or more negative variables. Hassan. Lifestyle and fecundity.Fertil Steril 2004. Fertility and Sterility 2004 81, 384-392DOI: (10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.027)