Typical Causes of Vomiting Techniques to Assess Results: Considering: Typical Causes of Vomiting His diet has been steady My cat is kept indoors, generally in good health, unlikely to encounter other animals I have been travelling for work more often, leaving the cat by himself Hairballs Eating too much Change in diet Eating things they shouldn’t (ex: poisons, animals, etc.) Parasites Gastric and intestinal problems Stress Leading to my hypothesis: Why is my cat throwing up so frequently? My cat is throwing up more frequently due to the stress of being left alone. Variable I’m testing: Frequency of vomiting Techniques to Assess Results: Variables I need to control/monitor: Report and analyze vomiting patterns with appropriate statistical charts and graphs Mathematically correlate vomiting with travel schedule and other control variables Compute statistical confidence interval for null hypothesis such that: Diet and feeding schedule (what food, when eaten) Other “food” (ex: things he can find) My travel schedule Other changes in routine Cat’s overall health Procedure for collecting data includes: Visiting vet at onset to ensure no illnesses or unusual medical conditions Limiting access to “bad” things that could be eaten Maintaining consistent diet—same food and feeding schedule Minimizing additional disruptions to cat’s environment, like new furniture, people coming over more or less often, etc. Recording dates traveled, amount of time cat spends alone, feeding schedule, and occurrences of vomiting Frequency of vomiting when I’m travelling Frequency of vomiting when I’m home Report findings on cat lovers’ blogs

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Example 1: Convert a length of 8 inches (in) to centimeters (cm) Step 1 Find the conversion factor that relates the starting UOM to the desired UOM. 1 in = 2.54 cm Step 2 Express the conversion factor as a ratio that is equivalent to 1. The value with the desired UOM goes in the numerator, and the value with the starting UOM goes in the denominator. Remember, when the numerator equals the denominator, the ratio is equivalent to 1. Step 3 Multiply the original value by the ratio. Notice the “in” units in both the numerator and denominator cancel each other out. Example 2: Convert a length of 254 (cm) to inches (in) Step 1 Use the same conversion factor from the first example. 1 in = 2.54 cm Step 2 Now the desired UOM is “in” so our ration is the inverse of what we used the last time. Step 3 Again, multiply the original value by the ratio. This time, the unit “cm” in both the numerator and denominator cancel each other out. Desired UOM Starting UOM 1 in 2.54 cm Desired UOM Starting UOM 2.54 cm 1 in 254 cm 1 in 2.54 cm 254 cm x 1 in 2.54 cm 100 in 8 in 2.54 cm 1 in 8 in x 2.54 cm 1 in 20.32 cm Example 3: Convert a length of 2 miles to centimeters (cm) Step 1 Find the conversion factors connecting the starting UOM to the desired UOM. 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 in 1 in = 2.54 cm Step 2 Express the conversion factor as ratios that are equivalent to 1. In each case, the value with the next desired UOM goes in the numerator, and the value with the previous UOM goes in the denominator. Step 3 Successively multiply the original value by the ratios. The units “mile”, “ft”, and “in” in both the numerator and denominator cancel each other out leaving just “cm”. Desired UOM Starting UOM 2 mile 5,280 ft 1 mile 12 in 1 ft 2.54 cm 1 in 321,868.8 cm

Identifying Significant Digits Non-zero digits are always significant. 233 lbs has 3 significant digits, 5.9 has 2 significant digits Leading zeroes are not significant. 0.0000341 km has 3 significant digits Trailing zeroes in a number containing a decimal point are significant 1.2400 sec has 5 significant digits Trailing zeroes in a number not containing a decimal are ambiguous – evaluate context to determine number of significant digits. 976,000 miles has at least 3 significant digits and as many as 6 Without knowing how the value was measured or obtained, you would usually take the smallest number. Handling Significant Digits In Arithmetic Operations For multiplication and division, the result should have as many significant digits as the measurement with the smallest number of significant digits. 341 cm x 2.1 cm = 716.1 cm rounded to 2 significant digits is 720 cm For addition and subtraction, the result should have as many decimal places as the measurement with the smallest number of decimal places. 10.83 in – 4.2 in = 6.63 in rounded to 1 decimal place is 6.6 in