Figure: 02-02 Title: Population distribution. Caption: People are not distributed uniformly across Earth's surface (top). Compare to the distribution of global climates, modified from a map developed by Vladimir Köppen (bottom). Figure 1-14 is more detailed version of this map.

Figure: 02-03 Title: Ecumene. Caption: The portion of Earth occupied by permanent human settlement–the ecumene–has expanded from the Middle East and East Asia to encompass most of the world's land area.

Figure: 02-05 Title: Physiological density. Caption: Physiological density is the number of people per unit area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. Physiological density is a better measure than arithmetic density of the relationship between population and the availability of resources in a society.

Figure: 02-13 Title: Demographic transition. Caption: The demographic transition consists of four stages: stage 1–very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase; stage 2–rapidly declining death rates combined with very high birth rates produce a very high natural increase; stage 3–birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate; and stage 4–very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase, and possibly a decrease.

Who’s in? Stage 1? = no one Stage 2? = most African countries Stage 3? = many countries in Central and South America Stage 4? = most European countries, Japan Cannot go backwards Growth follows “S” Curve

Figure: 02-16 Title: Population pyramids for the United States and selected communities. Caption: Detroit and Laredo have broader pyramids than Cedar Rapids and Honolulu, indicating higher percentages of young people and higher fertility rates. Unalaska has a high percentage of males because it contains an isolated military base. Lawrence has a high percentage of people in their twenties because it is the home of the University of Kansas. Naples has a high percentage of elderly people, especially women, so its pyramid is upside down.

Causes for population increase: Medical advances Quantity and quality of food Economic issues

Causes of population decrease Natural disasters, famines, plagues War or political turmoil Economic issues

Figure: 02-20 Title: Malthus's theory compared to actual world food production and population, 1950–2000. Caption: Malthus expected population to grow more rapidly than food production. In reality, during the second half of the twentieth century–when world population grew at its most rapid rate ever–food production actually expanded even more rapidly.

Migration Push and pull factors are economic, political, or environmental Environmental factors are usually voluntary Political factors include refugees Key terms not in book Place utility Intervening opportunity

Other types of migration Intercontinental Interregional Intraregional Cyclic = transhumance

MIGRATION TRENDS Immigration vs. emigration

Figure: 03-02 Title: Global migration patterns. Caption: The major flows of international migrants are from less developed countries to more developed countries, especially from Asia and Latin America to North America and from Asia to Europe.

Figure: 03-04 Title: Migration to the United States by region of origin. Caption: Europeans comprised more than 90 percent of the immigrants to the United States during the nineteenth century, and even as recently as the early 1960s, still accounted for more than 50 percent. Latin America and Asia are now the dominant sources of immigrants to the United States.

Figure: 03-12 Title: Changing center of population in the United States. Caption: The center has consistently shifted westward, although the rate of movement has varied in different eras. In recent decades, the center has also started to shift southward, a reflection of recent migration to the South.

Figure: 03-13 Title: U.S. interregional migration. Caption: Figures show average annual migration (in thousands) in 1995 (left) and 2000 (right). Compared to 2000, the 1995 figures show much higher total interregional migration and migration into the South.

Figure: 03-14 Title: U.S. intraregional migration. Caption: Figures show average annual migration (in millions) during the 1990s. The largest flow by far was from central cities to suburbs. Slightly more people migrated from urban to rural areas than from rural to urban areas.