May 14, 2018 You need: Clean paper (2) / pencil Warm Up: Mental Math Quiz will begin shortly. Be ready! I CAN: describe how pressure and heat impact the weather and drive weather events.

Teacher workday Swagrrr No 7th test ELA 7 Math 7 Math I May 2018 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday   Forces and energy Magnets 1 Magnets / eclectricity 2 Electricity 3 Catch up 4 Review Test Assess MobyMax Milkshakes 5 6 7 Comp of Air Layers, Water Cycle 9 Atmosphere 10 11 12 13 Mother’s Day 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 No School Memorial Day 29 30 31 APRIL 30 Progress reports Teacher workday Swagrrr No 7th test ELA 7 Math 7 Math I

June 2018 EOG testing Busch Gardens NCFE Sci/SS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday   1 Atmosphere 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Last day (due to snow) 9 EOG testing Busch Gardens NCFE Sci/SS

Demo – hand-warmer Explain the hand-warmer demo Ms.Garris showed.

Mixture of Gases in Air All Other Gases Argon = 0.93% Carbon Dioxide = 0.04%

NITROGEN A major part of proteins, including DNA Dilutes (thins out) the oxygen – too much or too little oxygen and we would die! Turned into useful form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria

OXYGEN Necessary to survive! Our cells use oxygen to create energy All of the oxygen in our atmosphere has been created by plants – photosynthesis! Burning requires oxygen

CARBON DIOXIDE Used by plants for photosynthesis A greenhouse gas – carbon dioxide helps keep our planet warm Increases in CO2 have been making the planet warmer: global warming!

TRACE GASES OZONE helps filter out the sun’s harmful rays ARGON is used in light bulbs because it will not catch fire even in extreme heat WATER VAPOR can condense to form clouds HELIUM inflates balloons and blimps

Earth’s atmosphere makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things: It traps energy from the sun keeping the Earth warm. The heat also keeps water in liquid form (good for life) It protects Earth from dangerous radiation and meteor collisions.

Let’s make a model! Write the notes ONTO the correct layer. Add color to the layers and the pictures. Cut out the layers and the pictures. Assemble on your notebook paper. **Be careful to place them low enough on the page so that they don’t stick out of the top of your binder!!**

TROPOSPHERE Shortest Layer (0-12 km) Average Temperature of 25°C (Temperature drops as you go higher) All of Earth’s weather happens here. Air here contains water & dust. Most of the atmosphere’s air is here (this layer is very dense).

STRATOSPHERE From the troposphere to about 50 km above earth’s surface There is almost no water or dust in this layer. Contains the OZONE LAYER (which absorbs UV radiation from the sun) Very cold, until the top of the layer, where it warms to 0°C.

MESOSPHERE 50-80 km above Earth’s surface. Temperature plunges to -90°C (the coldest in the atmosphere) Meteors burn up here while entering the atmosphere (friction). It offers protection.

THERMOSPHERE Thickest layer (80-400 km above Earth’s surface). Really thought of as two layers: ionosphere and exosphere. Ionosphere contains ions or charged particles allowing radio waves to bounce off and auroras to occur. Temperature can spike to 1,800°C.

EXOSPHERE “Exo-” means outer. Outer-most layer of the atmosphere. Not truly seen as a layer since it simply blends into outer space.

Comparing size and filler So yesterday, we talked about the layers of the atmosphere in comparison. If I take a slice – the portion of the TROPOSPHERE is smaller than the portion of the MESOSPHERE. We were comparing DENSITY

Back to your notes page… Altitude, or elevation, is the distance above sea level. As altitude increases, air pressure decreases. Air pressure decreases and this also means that density decreases. Low density can make it difficult to breathe (due to less oxygen)

Increase altitude = Decreased air… Decreased density Decreased air pressure

Decrease altitude = Increased air… Increased density Increased air pressure

Air pressure Air pressure – the result of weight of a column of air pushing down on an area, measured by an instrument known as a barometer. Barometer = Air pressure

Air Pressure in a Syringe Which syringe has the air under greater pressure? Which one is showing greater density? Low Pressure High Pressure

Exploring Air with Syringes Based on the investigation: What can air do? A few words you need to know… Compress – means to squeeze into a smaller space Density – the amount of mass (stuff) in a certain amount of space (volume) Air Pressure – the force of air pushing on stuff Barometer – a tool that measures air pressure COMPRESS

Is air pressure strong enough to push an egg into a bottle?

What happened? The fire heats up the air inside the bottle and makes it expand – pushing some air out. When the fire goes out, the air cools and contracts (takes up less space), creating LOW pressure in the bottle. Suddenly the HIGH air pressure outside the bottle can "push" the egg inside.

Air Pressure at Different Altitudes Is air pressure greater at sea level or on top of a mountain? Mountains (High altitude) Sea Level (Low altitude)

Air Pressure at Different Altitudes Magic Balloon: If I want it to be bigger, should I take it to the mountains or the beach? Mountains (High altitude) Sea Level (Low altitude)

Marshmallow in jar… Which picture is simulating mountain top and which is simulating sea level? Explain your answer.

HEAT TRANSFER

Where does the energy come from? Nearly all the energy that heats our atmosphere comes from the sun. Not all sunlight reaches the ground. Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected before it reaches the surface.

Where does the energy go?

Where does the energy go? Not all surfaces absorb the sun’s energy equally. The color and material of the surface will determine how much of the energy is absorbed and how much is reflected. Grass Water Sand Rocks

Heat transfer Source of energy = sun Sun’s energy is light and heat. Reflected = bounced off Absorbed = taken in, soaked up -rate of absorption depends on the color and material

How does heat move? HEAT is the transfer of thermal energy from a hotter object to a cooler one. Thermal energy is moving from the air, which is warmer, to the snowman, which is cooler.

What is heat, anyway? In your notebooks, record your observations for what happens in the COLD WATER and the HOT WATER after the food coloring is added.

Slow-Moving Molecules What is heat, anyway? Temperature is a measure of the average amount of energy of motion for each particle of a substance Slow-Moving Molecules Cold Water

Fast-Moving Molecules What is heat, anyway? Temperature is a measure of the average amount of energy of motion for each particle of a substance Let’s act it out! Fast-Moving Molecules Hot Water

Conclusion: Write one sentence explaining why this happened. Temperature Mini-Lab August 12, 2008 Question: What will happen to food coloring dropped in cold vs. hot water? Observations: Draw your hot and cold cups after the food coloring is added. HOT COLD Conclusion: Write one sentence explaining why this happened.

How does heat move? Heat can be transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.

RADIATION Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Radiation does not need any material to travel through! Energy from the sun gets to us through radiation.

CONDUCTION Conduction is the direct transfer of heat from one material to another that is touching it. When a faster-moving molecule bumps into a slower-moving molecule, the slower one speeds up. Conduction works best in solids. Metal is a good conductor – the heat moves to the girl’s hand. Wood is not a good conductor.

CONVECTION Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of particles in a fluid (liquid or gas). As fluids heat up or cool down, their density changes. Lower-density materials will rise above higher-density materials.

Radiation: Transfer of heat (or light energy) WITHOUT TOUCH. Doesn’t need to travel through something like solid, liquid, gas. Energy travels from the sun – through space (no air) – to Earth.

Conduction: Transfer of energy through TOUCH! The stove is touching the pot, and The pot is touching the water.

Warm UP Cool DOWN Convection: Transfer of heat through circular currents Currents are created because the fluid changes density based on heat levels. Warm up = warmer stuff rises/expands (is less dense) Cool down = the cooler is more dense and sinks. Warm UP Cool DOWN

Radiation, Conduction, or Convection? You feel the warmth of the sun’s rays on your face outside. You notice your macaroni moving up and down in the boiling water. At the beach, you step on the hot sand and it burns your feet. RADIATION CONVECTION CONDUCTION

But if you’re wearing white, you will stay cooler. If you’re wearing a black shirt on a sunny day, you will feel REALLY warm. But if you’re wearing white, you will stay cooler.

This is because dark colors ABSORB more sunlight than lighter colors.

The air over this part of South America might be cool… While the air over this part is warmer. This is called UNEVEN HEATING.

Cold air moves pretty slowly, and stays pretty tightly packed together:

Hot air, on the other hand, goes really fast and expands to fill more space.

So, hot air is LESS DENSE than cold air.

Spread out for low density Closely packed for high density This is a density column. Doesn’t it look like something we already know? A density column teaches us that less dense materials float on more dense materials. Spread out for low density Closely packed for high density

So, since hot air is less dense than the surrounding air, it rises, leaving a low-density, low-pressure area behind. Low pressure

This rushing in of cold air is what we call… WIND!! Nearby cold air can then rush in to fill low-pressure area left by the rising hot air. This rushing in of cold air is what we call… WIND!!

UNEVEN HEATING The uneven heating of the air that causes wind is created not only by different colors on Earth’s surface, but also by: Different surfaces (grass vs. snow vs. water, etc.) Pollution in some areas Different amounts of sunlight due to seasons, clouds, etc.

So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach. During the day, the air over the sand is hotter than the air over the water because the water takes longer to heat up in the Sun. So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach. WARMER COOLER

So the wind blows toward the ocean at night. But at night, the air over the water is warmer than the air over the sand, because water HOLDS heat longer than the ground. So the wind blows toward the ocean at night. COOLER WARMER

Sea Breeze

Land Breeze

Water Cycle Vocabulary evaporation - the changing of liquid to water vapor condensation -  the changing of water vapor to a liquid precipitation - forms of water vapor that are heavy enough to fall to the Earth's surface such  as rain, snow, sleet, hail, and fog infiltration - the process by which water seeps into the soil

Water Cycle Vocabulary 5. water table - the level below which the ground is saturated with water 6. lake - a body of water larger than a pond and too deep in parts for rooted plants to live 7. river - a natural stream of water larger than a creek and emptying into an ocean, lake, or another river 8. ocean - the bodies of salt water that cover nearly three fourths of the surface of the earth

Water Cycle Vocabulary 9. groundwater - water found below the surface of the Earth 10. runoff - water that flows on the surface or through the ground into streams, rivers, lakes and oceans 11. transpiration - the evaporation of water from the leaves of plants

Classwork / Homework Page 203 – find the five vocabulary terms (hint: starts with radiation) Write down each term (with space between) Look – in the chapter (not glossary) – and write out the meaning of each term.

Heat transfer Color – make it neat and colorful Cut out – remember to hold onto the extra parts We will place them on the “sunny” template…do NOT glue until you are sure where things go!

Heat transfer

Heat transfer

Heat transfer

But if you’re wearing white, you will stay cooler. If you’re wearing a black shirt on a sunny day, you will feel REALLY warm. But if you’re wearing white, you will stay cooler.

This is because dark colors ABSORB more sunlight than lighter colors.

The air over this part of South America might be cool… While the air over this part is warmer. This is called UNEVEN HEATING.

Cold air moves pretty slowly, and stays pretty tightly packed together:

Hot air, on the other hand, goes really fast and expands to fill more space.

So, hot air is LESS DENSE than cold air.

Spread out for low density Closely packed for high density Let’s create a Density column. A density column teaches us that less dense materials float on more dense materials. Spread out for low density Closely packed for high density

So, since hot air is less dense than the surrounding air, it rises, leaving a low-density, low-pressure area behind. Low pressure

This rushing in of cold air is what we call… WIND!! Nearby cold air can then rush in to fill low-pressure area left by the rising hot air. This rushing in of cold air is what we call… WIND!!

UNEVEN HEATING The uneven heating of the air that causes wind is created not only by different colors on Earth’s surface, but also by: Different surfaces (grass vs. snow vs. water, etc.) Pollution in some areas Different amounts of sunlight due to seasons, clouds, etc.

So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach. During the day, the air over the sand is hotter than the air over the water because the water takes longer to heat up in the Sun. So the wind in the daytime blows TOWARD the beach. WARMER COOLER

So the wind blows toward the ocean at night. But at night, the air over the water is warmer than the air over the sand, because water HOLDS heat longer than the ground. So the wind blows toward the ocean at night. COOLER WARMER

Sea Breeze

Land Breeze