Effect of Gastric Volume or Emptying on Meal-Related Symptoms After Liquid Nutrients in Obesity: A Pharmacologic Study  Silvia Delgado–Aros, Michael Camilleri, E. Janet Castillo, Filippo Cremonini, Debra Stephens, Irene Ferber, Kari Baxter, Duane Burton, Alan R. Zinsmeister  Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology  Volume 3, Issue 10, Pages 997-1006 (October 2005) DOI: 10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00285-5 Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Experimental design showing the infusion of medication, measurement of gastric volume pre- and postloading dose of medication, and measurement of gastric volume postmeal. Note the first 300 mL of Ensure was radiolabeled with 111In and ingested in less than 2 minutes to allow measurement of gastric emptying at 30 minutes. Thereafter, unlabeled Ensure was ingested at a standard volume per unit time until full satiation was reached. ■, SPECT scans; *, satiation and symptom visual analog scores every 5 minutes; •, blood draws; iv, intravenous. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, 997-1006DOI: (10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00285-5) Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Postprandial changes in plasma insulin (μU/mL), glucagon (pg/mL), and pancreatic polypeptide (pg/mL) levels relative to average fasting levels. Note the complete inhibition of pancreatic polypeptide release by atropine and the differences in the postmeal profile that reflect the acceleration of gastric emptying and insulin response with erythromycin and the delay in the insulin and (to a lesser extent) glucagon responses with atropine. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2005 3, 997-1006DOI: (10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00285-5) Copyright © 2005 American Gastroenterological Association Terms and Conditions