Chapter 8 & 9 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Why It’s Important Every cell in your body needs ___________ to function. This energy is acquired through photosynthesis and cellular respiration energy

Objectives Chapter 5 Section 1 and Section 2 Analyze the flow of energy through living systems. (5.1) Compare the metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs. (5.1) Describe the role of ATP in metabolism. (5.1) Describe the experiments that led to an understanding of photosynthesis (5.2) Summarize how energy is captured from sunlight in the first stage of photosynthesis. (5.2)

New Vocabulary Section 8.1 Photosynthesis Autotroph Heterotroph Cellular respiration ATP Section 8.2 Pigment Chlorophyll Carotenoid Thylakoid Granum / grana stroma

All of an organism’s chemical reactions Vocabulary Review What is metabolism? All of an organism’s chemical reactions (especially those involving energy transformations)

Energy in Living Systems Section 1 Energy and Living Things Chapter 8 Energy in Living Systems Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the ____________ sun

building breaking light chemical glucose food starch stems roots Section 1 Energy and Living Things Chapter 8 building Metabolism involves either __________ molecules or ____________ down molecules in which energy is stored. Photosynthesis is the process by which ___________ energy is converted to _____________ energy This chemical energy is stored in the organic compound _____________, which is a plant’s _______ Often, plants convert glucose to ___________, which can be stored in ________ and ________ for later use Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called ___________________ breaking light chemical glucose food starch stems roots autotrophs

Equation for Photosynthesis Light Energy 6CO2 + 6H20 ------------------- > C6H1206 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen What are the reactants? What are the products? Which substance acts a catalyst? Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen Light energy

consume heterotrophs grass rabbits Chapter 8 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Chapter 8 The chemical energy in organic compounds can be transferred to other organic compounds or to organisms that _______________ food. Organisms that must get energy by consuming other organisms are called ____________________ Examples… Rabbits consume ____________ A fox consumes _____________ consume heterotrophs grass rabbits

break used cellular respiration usable ATP Both plants and animals need a way to ___________ down their food so that it can be _______ to carry out cellular activities Organisms do so in a process called _____________ _______________ This process converts the chemical energy stored in glucose or starch into a _____________ form of energy called _________ break used cellular respiration usable ATP

Cellular Respiration Equation enzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------------- > 6C02 + 6H2O + energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP What are the reactants? What are the products? Which substance acts as a catalyst? glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP enzymes

Cellular Respiration Equation enzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------------- > 6C02 + 6H2O + energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP How are the equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis related? The reactants and products are reversed

Circle of Life plant animal O2 CO2

Transfer of Energy to ATP Section 1 Energy and Living Things Transfer of Energy to ATP When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy in the molecules is released as _______, while the remaining energy is stored in ATP. Like money, ATP is a portable form of energy __________ inside cells It delivers energy wherever energy is needed in a cell heat “currency”

Section 1 Energy and Living Things Breakdown of Starch

Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP adenosine ATP, which stands for ______________ ________________, is actually a ___________ with __________ extra energy-storing phosphate groups. What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide? triphosphate nucleotide two Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous base (adenine) So ATP is made up of a…. ________________ ______ phosphate groups Sugar (ribose) Nitrogenous base (adenine) 3

Where is energy stored in ATP? Section 1 Energy and Living Things Where is energy stored in ATP? Energy is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are _____________ The removal of a phosphate group from ATP produces ADP, which stands for ______________ __________________ H2O + ATP  ADP + P + energy In the bonds between the phosphates hydrolyzed adenosine diphosphate

Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP Releases Energy

Chapter 8.2 Photosynthesis occurs in three stages Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 Photosynthesis occurs in three stages Stage 1 Energy is _____________ from sunlight. Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in _____ and the electron carrier molecule ________. Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of _________ ___________, using ____. captured ATP NADPH organic CO2 compounds

These stages occur in different parts of the _________________ Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 These stages occur in different parts of the _________________ chloroplast Each green stack inside the chloroplast is called a _______ The grana are made up of individual _____________ which have their own membranes called ______________ membranes granum thylakoids thylakoid granum

Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________ Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________ ______________, while stage 3 occurs outside of the grana in the space called the ___________ thylakoid membrane stroma

Stage One: Capture of Light Energy Chapter 8.2 Section 2 Photosynthesis Stage One: Capture of Light Energy Sunlight contains a mixture of all the _______________ (colors) of visible light When sunlight passes through a _________, the prism separates the light into different colors. wavelengths prism

Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 According to increasing frequency, the wavelengths are… Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Indigo Violet Hint… _______________ ROYGBIV Increasing frequency (energy)

Wavelengths that are seen are ________________ reflected Wavelengths that are seen are ________________ Think of mirror…what is the image called that you see? Wavelengths that are not seen are __absorbed____________ Leaves contain light-absorbing substances called ______________________ Chlorophyll ____ __________________ reflection absorbed pigments a b carotenoids

Chapter 8.2 What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb? Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb? Violet, blue, orange and red

Chapter 8.2 So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow

Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 These pigments are embedded in the _____________ membrane which surround the _________ When light strikes the membrane, energy is transferred to _____________ in chlorophyll molecules This energy transfer causes the electrons to jump to a _________ energy level. thylakoid grana electrons higher

Section 2 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.2 What colors do carotenoids reflect that chlorophyll does not? orange and red….fall colors

When electrons are at the lowest energy level they are at the _________ state When they absorb energy, they become ___________ and move to __________ energy levels Plants first ____________ the sun’s energy when electrons in their chlorophyll molecules absorb its wavelengths ground excited higher capture

Excited electrons eventually move back _______ to the ground state As they do, they release their absorbed ________ down energy

Question 1 What molecule that contains chemical energy is produced in photosynthesis? A. O2 B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H20

Question 2 What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs – make their own food Heterotrophs – must consume food

Question 3 Which scientist determined that the process of photosynthesis requires light? A. Jan van Helmont B. Joseph Priestley C. Jan Ingenhousz

Question 4 An ATP molecule is a nucleotide with two more… A. Nitrogenous bases B. Phosphate groups C. Sugars D. Glycerol molecules

Question 5 Do chlorophyll molecules reflect or absorb green light?

Question 6 In order of increasing frequency, what do the first letter of each color in visible light spell? ROYGBIV