27.2 Imperialism Nigeria

New Period of Imperialism 18th – 19th century differed from 15th – 16th Earlier Imp. did not penetrated interior of Africa and Asia New period demands economic, political and cultural changes Four forms of Imp. 1. Colony 2. Protectorate 3. Sphere of influence 4. Economic Two methods of management Indirect and direct control

Forms of Imperialism Pg. 780 Colony Country or territory governed internally by foreign power Example Somaliland (French colony) Protectorate Country or territory with own internal government but controlled by outside power British and Niger River delta Sphere of Influence Area claimed by outside power for investment and trading privileges Liberia controlled by the United States Economic Imperialism Independent, but less-developed country controlled by “private” business – not governments Dole Fruit company and pineapple trade in Hawaii

Management Methods Indirect Control Relied on existing local officials Limited self-rule Goal: develop future leaders Gov. based on European styles Ex. British in Nigeria, India, Burma Ex. U.S. colonies in Philippines Direct Control Paternalism: Euros governed like a parent Foreign officials rule No self-rule Goal: Assimilation Ex. French colonies (Somaliland and Vietnam) Ex. German colonies (East Africa) Ex. Portuguese colonies (Angola)

Assimilation vs. Acculturation Assimilation: the process through which people lose their differentiating traits to a dominant culture French used policy U.S. and American Indian Acculturation: process by which a minority cultural adopts certain customs and attitudes of the majority, but manages to stay a distinct, although, altered, society.

Nigeria and Britain G.B. gains control through diplomacy and military means B.C. gives G.B. control of Niger River Delta Royal Niger Company Gains control over palm-oil trade 1914 gains total control of Nigeria Managing Nigeria Not easy due to cultural diversity (493 languages) 250 different ethnic groups British turn to indirect rule

African Resistance Lack of weapons = unequal fight Active military resistance and religious movements unsuccessful Algeria’s (north west Africa) 50-year resistance of France Mandingo Empire vs. France Led by Samori Toure’ Fought France for 16 years German East Africa and Maji Maji rebellion “Magic water” protected fighters German machine guns killed thousands Germans change policy due to massacre

Ethiopia Only nation to effectively resist Menelik II emperor Pits Italy, France and England against each other Buys weapons from France and Russia Declares war with Italy after finding differences in wording within their treaty Battle of Adowa 1896 Ethiopian forces defeat Italians Keep independence