China Unit VI

Dynastic Cycle Cycle was developed as Chinese civilization developed Based on the concept of the Mandate of Heaven Divine right to rule; the gods bestowed their power upon the ruling class; ruler is the earthly representation of the ruler

The Mandate of Heaven Generations go by….. New dynasty becomes….. Old Dynasty Taxes people too much Stops protecting people Lets roads and walls fall apart Treats people unfairly

Invaders attack empire Bandits raid in provinces Old Dynasty looses Mandate of Heaven Problems Floods, earthquakes Peasants revolt Invaders attack empire Bandits raid in provinces

New Dynasty claims Mandate of Heaven Brings peace Builds roads Gives land to peasants Protects people The Mandate of Heaven Generations go by….. New dynasty becomes…..

Chinese Dynasties

Shang Dynasty 1650 B.C. – controlled part of Northern China (small empire) Emperor did not have much power or control Clans (family groups) controlled much of the land Society was – Merchants and Peasant farmers

Zhuo Dynasty – 1027 B.C. Overthrew Shang Dynasty – told the people that the Shang’s had angered the gods and they were now the rulers Established the Mandate of Heaven Progress made under the Zhuo Dynasty: complex religion, system of writing, first books, produce bronze and make detailed figurines, discovered silk how to make silk threads, astronomical advancement – record eclipses of the sun, accurate calendar

China under the Zhuo becomes a Zoo: 1. Many Wars 2. Economic changes 3 China under the Zhuo becomes a Zoo: 1. Many Wars 2. Economic changes 3. Social Changes

People search for answers…. Philosophers answer there questions: Confucius – filial piety Legalism - law Daoism – harmony with nature

Confucianism Relationships Ancestor worship – filial piety Superior to Inferior Ruler, husband, father, elder brother Subject, Wife, son, younger brother Superior – takes care of and sets good example Inferior – owes loyalty and obedience Ancestor worship – filial piety

Legalism and Daoism Legalism – Daoism – live in harmony with nature Strict laws and harsh punishments to keep subjects in line Enforced emperor’s power Daoism – live in harmony with nature Best government was one that governed the least Flower Child Kind of thinking

Effects on Society Confucianism taught people how to behave Legalism punished those who would not do their duty Daoism affected people’s view of nature

Qin Dynasty – 221 B.C. Cruel emperor – jailed, tortured, killed those who did not support him Made standard measurement – trading improved, created national coins, repaired canals and roads GREAT WALL!!!!! Keep out foreign invaders

Han Dynasty – 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. Reduced taxes Developed a civil service exam – decided who would get government jobs Most advanced civilization of its time Paper making, wheelbarrow, acupuncture, built temples and palaces, art out of jade and ivory Open a trade route to connect with the west – Silk Road

Tang and Song Dynasty China’s Golden Age – becomes rich and powerful Developed a social class system Merchants – low status because they made money off of other people’s work Peasants – work the land and live in small villages Gentry – wealthy landowners, study Confucian ideas, civil servants

Tang and Song Advancements Porcelain, improved irrigation, moveable type, paper money, pasta, gunpowder Improved trade – roads and transportation, connections with other countries

Mongols Ghehgiz Khan – fierce conqueror and ruler, built the largest empire in the world Came from the deserts north of China His heirs established peace and order in the empire and gained control of the Silk Road, allowing cultural diffusion to take place

Yuan Dynasty – 1279 to 1367 Mongols conquer to Song dynasty and set up rule – Kublai Khan Improved: transportation, encouraged trade, created an efficient mail system Mongolians and Chinese were kept separate – Mongols got the government jobs, military positions, etc. (Chinese people – lower jobs)

Ming Dynasty – 1368 -1515 Restored Chinese rulers to the throne – Kicked out the Mongols Brought back civil service exams, Confucian learning, improved the economy, improved the government, improved the cities and developed industries, advances in arts and literature 1433 – Chinese people are forbidden to have contact with the rest of the world Goes to the idea of Middle Kingdom -

Manchu Dynasty – 1520 – 1850s Limit European traders, reject foreign goods and refuse treaties. 1800s nations looked to China for new markets and for goods – China wouldn’t cooperation so they DRUGED them Opium War 1839 – China had to pay reparations and open ports to British trade China saw western ideas as a threat to their traditional ways and culture

Weak Government – Rebellions Chinese rulers to weak and corrupt Loosing the mandate and ready for a new ruler Taiping Rebellion – 1840s Lead by a Chinese man in southern China Peasants banded together to overthrow the government Chinese government had help from the French and British After 14 years the rebellion was put down – much of the farmland ruined and 20 million + were dead

Clinging to Tradition External forces (British and French) and internal forces (rebellion) were squeezing the Chinese government Chinese government refused to change and clung to tradition Began to build military – warships and munitions Overall China very weak and vulnerable to FOREIGN POWER

Spheres of Influence European countries controlled investment and trade in regions of China – sphere of influence U.S. afraid that they would be shut off from China – established Open Door Policy (equal access to all markets of all countries) CHINA DOMINATED BY FOREIGNERS

Chinese Pride Chinese begin to resent foreign influence and special privileges Peasants formed a secret group called the Boxers – Society of Harmonious Fists Boxers campaign – Boxer Rebellion Rid China of all foreigners and their Chinese sympathizers

Boxer Rebellion 1900 surrounded a Beijing European Section of town Driven out by the foreign military Resulted in a strong sense of nationalism in the Chinese Resulted in reforms and progress for a time period

China since Mao Deng Xiaoping’s 4 Modernizations Agriculture Expanding Industry Developing Science and Technology Upgrading Defense Forces Deng’s Responsibility System Subsistence Farming Some freedoms of choice

Economy Focused on Consumer Goods Production China’s Economy boomed Introduced Responsibility System to Industry China’s Economy boomed Fasted growing economy 2022 2nd largest economy in world

Breaking Isolation Foreign trade and investment allowed – needed to modernize China a member of the global economy

China’s Challenges Population Human Rights Modernization Influence of West

Human Rights Women Freedoms/Militant enforcement Treatment of Prisoners One-Child Policy

Modernization China and the 21st century Pollution Changing roles in society

Influence of the West Investment of foreigners Democracy UN and Human Rights United States 2008 Olympics Capitalism