Pericles’ Plan for Athens Pericles as Leader Skillful politician, inspiring speaker, respected general Dominates life in Athens from 461 to 429 B.C.

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Stronger Democracy Pericles hires more paid public officials; creates direct democracy Direct democracy—citizens rule directly, not through representatives

Pericles’ Plan for Athens Athenian Empire Takes over the Delian League; uses money to strengthen Athenian fleet. Sparta and other cities resent Athenian power. Glorifying Athens Pericles buys gold, ivory, marble; hires artisans to beautify Athens all with money from the Delian League without the whole league’s consent.

Athenians and Spartans Go to War Sparta Gains Victory 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on the island of Sicily. Athens is defeated in 413 B.C. Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C.

Athenians and Spartans Go to War War Begins 431 B.C. Sparta declares war on Athens—the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. Peloponnesian War Sparta has a better army. Athens has a better navy. Plague strikes Athens in 430 B.C., kills many—including Pericles. Sparta and Athens sign a truce in 421 B.C.

Athenians and Spartans Go to War Sparta Gains Victory 415 B.C. Athens renews war, attacks Syracuse on the island of Sicily. Athens is defeated in 413 B.C. Athens and its allies surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C.

Drama and History Tragedy and Comedy Greeks invent drama as an art form; includes chorus, dance, poetry Two forms of drama: tragedy and comedy Tragedy—tells story of heroes’ downfall; themes of love, hate, and war Comedy—makes fun of politics and respected people; slapstick humor Greek dramatists include Aeschylus, Euripides, Aristophanes, Sophicles Historians Herodotus and Thucydides record and study past events

A Greek theater

Olympic Games According to historical records, the first ancient Olympic Games can be traced back to 776 BC. They were dedicated to the Olympian gods and were staged on the ancient plains of Olympia. They continued for nearly 12 centuries, until Emperor Theodosius decreed in 393 A.D. that all such "pagan cults" be banned.

Running / Jumping / Discus Throw Running contests included: the stade race, which was the pre-eminent test of speed, covering the Olympia track from one end to the other (200m foot race), the diaulos (two stades - 400m foot race), dolichos (ranging between 7 and 24 stades).

Jumping Athletes used stone or lead weights called halteres to increase the distance of a jump. They held onto the weights until the end of their flight, and then jettisoned them backwards. Discus throw The discus was originally made of stone and later of iron, lead or bronze. The technique was very similar to today's freestyle discus throw. Wrestling This was highly valued as a form of military exercise without weapons. It ended only when one of the contestants admitted defeat.

Boxing Pankration-MMA Equestrian events

Alexander the Great Ruler of the World

Why “the Great”? In ten years, Alexander of Macedonia created the largest empire in the world up to that time Alexander spread Greek culture, ensuring cultural diffusion and the survival of the qualities of classical Greece

Alexander’s Empire

Alexander’s origins Born in Pella, Macedonia Tutored by the Greek philosopher, Aristotle His father, Philip, was king of Macedonia, and had conquered the Greek city states during his 27 year reign

                                                                                                                                            Olympia Alexander’s mother Philip Alexander’s father

Alexander Rules Philip was murdered in 336 B.C. by an assassin…maybe hired by his wife, Olympia… So Alexander was only 20 when he became king of Macedonia                                                    

Securing his father’s empire Alexander squelched rebellions in the northern regions to the Danube River In the process of reconquering the Greek city states, his forces destroyed Thebes, massacring all, including women and children

From Pompeii mosaic

Expanding the Empire Alexander’s forces of over 40,000 crossed at the Dardanelles into Asia, where he declared that the whole of Asia would be won by the spear

The Gordian Knot The Gordian Knot: the legend behind the ancient knot was that the man who could untie it was destined to rule the entire world. Alexander simply slashed the knot with his sword and unraveled it.

Defeating Darius of Persia #1: Alexander’s forced dispatched the Persian army, losing only 110 men (legend) #2: Again Alexander was victorious, and Darius was forced to flee, abandoning is mother, wife and children to Alexander                  

Major cities in Asia Minor and along the Phoenician coast surrendered to Alexander Alexander proceeded to Egypt, where he established the city of Alexandria and was made pharaoh

Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued… #3: Yet again, Alexander’s forces defeated Darius, this time in Mesopotamia… Alexander was proclaimed king of Persia and Darius’s royal city and palace were burned to the ground… Persepolis Again, Darius fled… Alexander pursued…

When Darius was found murdered by his own men, Alexander executed the assassins and gave Darius a royal funeral                                                     Ruins of Persepolis

Alexander’s divinity While in Egypt, Alexander had visited the temple of Amon-Ra The oracle proclaimed that Alexander was the divine son of Amon-Ra and destined to rule the world Conflicts arose with his Greek soldiers as he adopted Persian dress & demanded to be recognized as a god

The limits of expansion In the spring of 327 BC, Alexander and his army marched into India As he conquered regions he allowed rulers to continue to govern in his name

In India, Alexander’s horse was killed… Bucephalus In India, Alexander’s horse was killed… He mourned his loss and named a city in his honor 'O my son, look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of thyself, for Macedonia is too little for thee.' Alexander on his favorite horse, Bucephalus Philip to Alexander (Plutarch, Alexander 6.8.)

Retreat At the Indus, the Macedonians rebelled and refused to go any farther The forces travelled down the Indus and began the arduous journey back to Mesopotamia His best friend, Hephaestion, died of a fever; to console himself, Alexander led a ferocious military campaign and went on a drinking binge

Securing a legacy Alexander made Babylonia the capital of his Empire He married one of Darius’ daughters and “encouraged” 10,000 of his soldiers to take Persian wives He died the following year at 33 before he could produce an heir and his kingdom was divided among 3 of his generals

Antigonus Seleucus Ptolemy

The mystery of Alexander’s death Alexander died of a fever at 33… but why? Plutarch reports that he was had been plagued by several bad “omens” Some others from the time claimed Alexander was poisoned during the drinking binge