Cell Division and Cancer Ch. 2, Section 3 & 4 Pages 55 – 67

A. STAGE 1: INTERPHASE 1. The regular sequence of __GROWTH__ and __DIVISION__ that cells undergo is known as the __CELL CYCLE__ 2. 2 new cells are called __DAUGHTER CELLS__ 3. There are 3 major stages of the cell cycle: __INTERPHASE__, __MITOSIS__, and __CYTOKINESIS__ 4. The 1st stage of the cell cycle is called the __INTERPHASE__ 5. During __INTERPHASE__, the cell __GROWS__, and makes a __COPY__ of its DNA

INTERPHASE a. Growing 1. The cell grows to its __FULL__ size and __PRODUCES__ structures it needs. b. Copying DNA 1. The cell makes and __EXACT__ copy of the __DNA__ in its nucleus in a process called __REPLICATION__ 2. DNA holds __ALL__ the information that the cell needs to carry out its __FUNCTIONS__

B. STAGE 2: MITOSIS 1. __MITOSIS__ is the stage during which the cell’s nucleus __DIVIDES__ into 2 new nuclei 2. One copy of __DNA__ is distributed into each of the 2 __DAUGHTER CELLS__ 3. There are __4__ parts or __PHASES__: __PROPHASE__, __METAPHASE__, __ANAPHASE__, and __TELOPHASE__ 4. During __PROPHASE__, the threadlike chromatin in the __NUCLEUS__ condenses to form __DOUBLE-ROD__ structures called __CHOROMSOMES__ 5. Each __CHROMOSOME__ is a __EXACT__ copy of the other. The __2__ rods are called __CHROMOTIDS Brian Pop: Mitosis (2:29)

C. STAGE 3: CYTOKINESIS 1. The __FINAL__ stage of the cell cycle is called __CYTOKINESIS__ 2. During __CYTOKINESIS__, the __CYTOPLASM__ divides. The __ORGANELLES__ are distributed into each of the __2__ new cells. 3. At the end of __CYTOKINESIS__, each cell enters __INTERPHASE__, and the __CYCLE__ begins again. Cell Cycle: http://phschool.com/atschool/phsciexp/active_art/cell_cycle/index.html WITH DISCUSSION THROUGH EACH SLIDE

CYTOKINESIS a. Cytokinesis in Animal Cells 1. The __CELL MEMBRANE__ squeezes together around the __MIDDLE__ of the cell. 2. Each __CELL__ gets about __HALF__ of the organelles b. Cytokinesis in Plant Cells 1. A __CELL PLATE__ forms across the __MIDDLE__ of the cell. 2. The __CELL PLATE__ develops into new __CELL MEMBRANE__, which then forms a __CELL WALL__ around each of the cells.

D. STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF DNA 1. __REPLICATION__ ensures that each daughter cell will have the __GENETIC__ information it needs. 2. __JAMES WATSON__ and __FRANCIS CRICK__ discovered the structure of DNA called a __DOUBLE HELIX__

a. The Structure of DNA 1. The structure are made up of molecules of __SUGAR__ called __DEOXYRIBOSE__, alternating with molecules known as __PHOSPHATES__ 2. Each rung is made up of a pair of molecules called __NITROGEN BASES__ 3. Nitrogen Bases are made up of __NITROGEN__ and other __ELEMENTS__ 4. The __4__ types of nitrogen bases: __ADENINE__, __THYMINE__, __GUANINE__, and __CYTOSINE__ 5. Adenine (__A__) only pairs with Thymine (__T__) and Guanine (__G__) only pairs with Cytosine (__C__) Brain Pop: DNA (4;05)

A. WHAT IS CANCER? 1. __CANCER__ is a disease in which cells __GROW__ and __DIVIDE__ uncontrollably, __DAMAGING__ the parts of the body around them. 2. There are more than __100__ types of cancer. Cancer can occur in almost __ANY__ part of the body. The __CANCER__ is named after the __PART__ of the body it is found.

CANCER a. How Cancer Begins 1. Cancer begins when __MUTATIONS__ disrupt the normal __CELL CYCLE__, causing __CELLS__ to __DIVIDE__ in an __UNCONTROLLED__ way. The cancer cells __GROW__ too __LARGE__ and __DIVIDE__ too __OFTEN__. 2. These __ABNORMAL__ cells form a __TUMOR__. A __TUMOR__ is a mass of abnormal cells. b. How Cancer Spreads 1. The __CANCEROUS__ cells may break off the __TUMOR__ and enter the __BLOODSTREAM__

B. TREATING AND PREVENTING CANCER 1. THERE ARE __3__ common ways to __TREAT__ cancer: __SURGERY__, __RADIATION__, and __DRUGS__ that destroy the cancer cells. 2. __CHEMOTHERAPY__ is the use of __DRUGS__ to treat a disease. These drugs __KILL__ cancer cells or __SLOW__ their growth People can __REDUCE__ their chances of developing __CANCER__ by __AVOIDING__ smoking, eating a __HEALTHFUL__ diet, and __PROTECTING__ their __SKIN__ from bright __SUNLIGHT__ or __TANNING BEDS__ Brain Pop: Cancer (4:30)