Are There Long-Term Effects of Production-Based Rearing on Pet Bird Behavior?  Michelle Curtis Velasco, DVM, Dipl. ABVP-Avian Practice  Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  Volume 15, Issue 2, Pages 205-214 (May 2012) DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2012.04.001 Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Blue Quaker with self-mutilation injury. Previously hand fed, this is a very tame and loved pet. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 205-214DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.04.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 A 20-year-old African grey parrot that was handfed by the owner and extremely bonded to him. This bird spends lots of time on the owner's shoulder and is frequently stroked on the back by the owner. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 205-214DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.04.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Large flight cage for macaws can be used for breeding or exercising trained birds. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 205-214DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.04.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Baby macaws raised together with toy for early enrichment. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2012 15, 205-214DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2012.04.001) Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions