Where Does Level of Development Vary by Gender?

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What is the ONLY country that the UN has found where its men are treated as well as its men? No country in the world

Development and Gender Gender-related development index (GDI) Economic indicator of gender differences Social “ “ Demographic “ “ Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Economic indicators of empowerment Political “ “

GDI Very similar to HDI (same indicators) Penalizes countries with large differences between well-being of men & women Complete gender equality 1.0 (non existent) Highest & lowest countries similar to HDI GDI

Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Fig. 9-10: The GDI combines four measures of development, reduced by the degree of disparity between males and females.

Afghanistan

average income of women is lower than men in every country (MDC & LDC) Income gap of more than $15,000 common in MDCs (better in Australia & Sweden) LDCs; relatively low in $ terms but high on a % basis Economic Indicators:

Female–Male Income Differences Fig. 9-11: Women’s income is lower than men’s in all countries, but the gender gap is especially high in parts of the Middle East, South Asia, and Latin America.

Women less likely to attend school in LDCs (gap higher in 2ndary school) 99/100 in MDCs & 60/100 in LDCs (was 45/100 in 1970) Africa & Middle East: fewer than 1/3 of girls attend school Same findings with literacy rates in these regions Social Indicators

Gender Differences in School Enrollment Fig. 9-12: As many or more girls than boys are enrolled in school in more developed countries, but fewer girls than boys are enrolled in many LDCs.

Female Literacy Rates Fig. 9-13a: Female literacy is lower than male literacy (Fig. 9-13b) in many LDCs, with significant gender gaps in parts of the Middle East, Africa, and South Asia.

Male Literacy Rates Fig. 9-13b: There is a gap in literacy rates between MDCs and LDCs as well as between men and women in many LDCs.

Demographic Indicators Gender gap greater in MDCs LDCs; hazards of child-bearing Gap being reduced in every country China & India – female specific infanticide or abortion resulting from preference for male offspring (devices available to detect) By mid-90s, 121 males for every 100 females (China) = gender imbalance, similar situation in India Demographic Indicators

Life Expectancy and Gender Fig. 9-14: Women’s life expectancy is several years longer than men’s in MDCs, but only slightly longer in many LDCs.

Measures ability of women to hold positions of economic & political power (ability to make a difference) Combines 2 indicators of economic power & 2 indicators of political power Complete equality of power = 1.0 (highest in NA, NE, SP; lowest in SAsia & SSAfrica) GEM

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Fig. 9-15: The GEM combines two measures of economic power and two of political power by women. (Little data are available for LDCs.)

Economic Indicators Ability of women to obtain prof. jobs Cultural barriers Highest % is in Northern Europe (more than ½ are women); LDCs, less than ¼ are women Average income Economic Indicators

% of admin. & managerial jobs held by women (decision making influence) More than 1/3 women in NA, NE & SP Only 10% in other MDCs Less than 5% in most LDCs % of women elected to office More women than men vote in most places No country has a national gov’t with majority women (highest in NE-1/3) Every country has a lower GEM than GDI Voting Political Indicators

Women as Legislators Fig 9-18: Over 20% of legislative seats are held by women in China, some European nations, and several LDCs. In many other LDCs, under 10% are held by women.

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