Welcome to the 2004 Massachusetts Envirothon Workshop Part I Soils Overview Workshop Part I Tom Cochran USDA-NRCS Franklin Co., MA Some material courtesy of Jim Turenne USDA-NRCS, Rhode Island Intro Into Give thumbnail of duties.

Road Map We will begin with a definition of soil. The five soil forming factors will be discussed in the following order Parent material, Climate, Organisms, Topography, and Time Discuss the formation of horizons and their characteristics Discuss soil texture, structure, and color Discuss redoximorphic features, and drainage class Discuss soil interpretations from a soil survey

Soil Definitions The unconsolidated organic and mineral material on the earth’s surface that is capable of supporting plants. (MA Envirothon Team Resource Manual) A dynamic natural body, in which plants grow, that is composed of mineral and organic materials and living organisms. (Brady & Weil, 11th Ed.) Note the difference in the dynamic aspect of the definitions.

Components of Soil Mineral materials = boulder, stone, cobble, gravel, sand, silt, and/or clay sized particles of gneiss, granite, schist, or slate . Organic materials = leaf litter, crop residue, decomposing animal bodies, and compost. Living organisms = plant roots, earthworms, nematodes, fungus, bacteria colonies

Five soil forming factors Parent material : Rocks Climate : Precipitation, Temperature changes Organisms : Bacterial and fungal colonies, worms, rodents Topography : Slope, Landscape position Time : How long climate has been altering parent material geologic time

Parent material In the Appalachian Mts., granite, gneiss, schist, and slate represent the geology of the parent material. Organic soil material forms from decaying carbon life forms. Coastal areas are underlain with ocean sedimentary material. Each of these materials produce distinctive groups of particles from the weathering process. Climatic & glacial forces break particles from the rock surfaces, forming boulders, stones, cobbles, and gravel, which are called fragments. sand, silt, and clay. Mtn rock types parent material types

Parent material (continued) Parent material can be rocks weathered in place (residuum) Or mineral material deposited by water (alluvium) wind (eolian) gravity (colluvium) lake bed sedimentation (lacustrine) ocean deposits (marine sediment) glacial deposits (till) Or organic material

Major types of glaciated parent material include Glacial processes have determined the parent material in much of New England. Appalachian Mtns were created by continental plate shifting and associated geologic activity, millions of years ago. Ice covered Massachusetts 12 – 14,000 yrs ago. Ice forces reduced the mountains to various types of till, which was deposited on the earth’s surface, leaving glaciated parent material. Major types of glaciated parent material include Basal till – formed under the pressure of thick ice, which packed the particles tightly together. Ablation till - loose, permeable till deposited during the final down-wasting of glacial ice. Glacial outwash – parent material deposited by glacial melt water as the glaciers receded. Glaciolacustrine deposits - parent material deposited by particles settling in glacial lakes Types of glacial parent material

Courtesy of Jim Turenne Ice Lake Till Alaskan glacier. Thanks to Jim Turenne. Outwash Courtesy of Jim Turenne

Glacial Till Unsorted/stratified material deposited beneath and within glacial ice. Heterogeneous mixture of all particle sizes (boulder to clay). Oldest surficial deposit overlying most bedrock areas. Paxton series Mass. State soil Courtesy of Jim Turenne. Paxton Series. Upland. Note horizonation. Light colors are lithologic.

Bedrock-controlled areas In areas where till deposits are thin bedrock is seen at the surface and within the soil profile. Parent material above bedrock is still glacial till. Courtesy of Al Averill. Somewheer in Franklin Co., MA

Glacio-fluvial Parent Materials Carlisle Slide. Courtesy of Jim Turenne. Glacio-fluvial Parent Materials

Glacial Outwash Dominantly sand and gravel sized particles. Rapid water movement, associated with aquifers. Few limitations for most uses. Outwash deposited by glacial melt water. Note sorting. Very deep and well drained or better. Picture from Jim Turenne.

Glacial Lacustrine/Marine Generally fine textured sediments deposited in glacial lakes with the sediments now exposed to the surface. Large areas often well identified (Taunton, Hitchcock, Sudbury). Glacial lakebed deposits. Note stratification. Picture courtesy of Jim Turenne.