The Human Body Chapter 4

Anatomical Terms Flexion vs. Extension Flexion describes bending movement Bicep is the flexor muscle Extension is the straightening movement Tricep is the extensor muscle

Anatomical Position You may have to describe a person’s body position to the emergency medical dispatcher (EMD). Anatomical position is the basis for all medical terms that refer to the body The person stands with the body straight up and arms down at the sides, palms facing forward Always reference the person’s right or left side rather than your own

Supine Position Refers to the person lying face-up on their back

Prone Position Refers to the person lying face-down on their stomach

Lateral Recumbent Position Refers to the person lying on their right or left side

Fowler’s Position Refers to the person lying on their back with the upper body elevated at a 45 - 60 degree angle

Body Cavities Hollow space in the body containing organs Five major cavities: Cranial Spinal Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic

Body Cavities Cranial cavity - Located in the head, contains the brain, and is protected by the skull Spinal cavity - Extends from the bottom of the skull to the lower back, contains the spinal cord, and is protected by the vertebrae Thoracic cavity - Located between the diaphragm and neck, contains the heart and lungs, and is protected by the rib cage Abdominal cavity - Located between the diaphragm and pelvis, contains the liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, and intestines Pelvic cavity - Located in the pelvis, contains the bladder and reproductive organs of females, protected by the pelvic bones

Musculoskeletal System Includes bones, ligaments, muscles, and tendons Main functions: Provide the body’s framework Protect internal organs Allow movement Produce heat Manufacture blood components

Respiratory System Includes airways, lungs, and diaphragm Primary functions: Supply the blood with oxygen and remove waste

Circulatory System Includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels Main functions: Transport nutrients and oxygen to body cells

Nervous System Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves One of two primary regulatory systems and transmits messages to and from the brain

Integumentary System Includes the skin, hair, and nails Part of the body’s communication network Main functions: Helps prevent infection and dehydration Temperature regulation Aids in the production of certain vitamins

Endocrine System Made up of glands Main functions: Secretes hormones and other substances into the blood and onto skin

Digestive System Includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines Main functions: Breaks down food into a usable form to supply energy to the rest of the body Works with the circulatory system to transports nutrients to the body

Genitourinary System Includes the uterus, genitalia, kidneys, and bladder Main functions: Performs the process of reproduction Removes waste from the circulatory system Regulates water balance