Plants

Characteristics of all plants 1. All are many celled (multi-cellular) 2. Contain chlorophyl/Chloroplasts- Photosynthesis 3. Cell walls.

2 main types of plants (Vascular & nonvascular) oldest land plants, evolved first tissues do not transport water very short- need to stay close to water moist environments do not have true roots water is needed for reproduction sperm swims from male to female egg. Ex- 1. mosses liverworts Video- Mosses, ferns

Vascular plants Vascular plants Tissues are able to transport water to all parts of the plant. Plants are able to get taller and farther away from water. Most plants today are vascular.

Vascular tissue Xylem- Transports water from roots to leaves. Phloem- Transports food(sugar) from leaves to the rest of the plant. Cambium- makes new xylem & phloem tissue.

Used in photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 Leaves Used in photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 6O2 + C6H12O6 Cuticle- Outer layer of the leaf, waxy, water proof & prevents water loss. Photosynthesis- hyperlink

Chloroplasts- structure that contains chlorophyl. Chlorophyl is the dominant green pigment of a plant that is used in photosynthesis. .

Fall Leaves change color in Fall because chlorophyl breaks down or is reabsorbed by plant. Pigments that are less dominant become visible. these colors have been in the leaves all along We just can't see them in the summer, because they are covered up by the green chlorophyll

Stomata- Openings on the underside of leaves that allows gas exchange CO2 - in O2 & H2O - out Transpiration – Loss of water through leaves (stomata)

Deciduous Trees – Lose leaves in the fall

Leaf Terminology

Nonflowering Vascular Plants Tissues are able to conduct water No flowers Ex – Ferns, Grasses, Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms (“Naked Seeds”) Most are cone bearing tree’s (pine cones) Produce seeds inside of a cone Seeds do not have a seed coat Also called conifers

Conifers – Cone bearing plants do not lose leaves in fall (evergreen) Cones – Male soft contains pollen (sperm) Female hard contains eggs (seed)

Pollination – Wind takes pollen to female cone called pollination A lot of pollen has to be produced most is wasted. Ex – Pines, Firs, Cedars, etc.

Angiosperm – Flowering Plants Flowers make reproduction more efficient by promoting pollination Flowers attract pollinators (bees, birds, bat,et) Not as much pollen is produced or wasted. Video- Gymnosperms & Angiosperms 2min

Sepal –Protects budding flower – Base of flower Petals – Attract pollinators Stamens – Male part – produces pollen Has 2 parts: 1. Anther – pollen producing sac 2. Filament

Pistil – Female part – produces egg’s (3 parts) 1.) Stigma 2.) Style 3.) Ovary Stigma – Top sticky for pollen (hair or sap) Style – Middle part Ovary – Bottom part – contains eggs

Pollination – When pollen reaches the stigma (top part of the pistil) Pollen Tube – Forms after pollination. Tube forms to take sperm from stigma through style and down to the ovary to fertilize eggs.

Fertilization – When the sperm reaches the egg and unites with it. After fertilization a seed forms

Seed – contains 1.)Seed coat 2.)Embryo 3.)Cotyledon Seed Coat – outer protective coat

Embryo Embryo – undeveloped plant (baby) - has 2 parts 1.)Epicotyl 2.) Hypocotyl Epicotyl – top part of embryo that forms the leaves Hypocotyl – forms the root and stem of the embryo Cotyledon – contains the stored food for the embryo the embryo uses the food in the cotyledons to grow until it can produce food by photosynthesis

Dormant – seed not growing Germination – when conditions become suitable for growth and the embryo starts to grow inside a seed. (right amount of water, temp, etc.) Video- Life cycle of flowering plants 5min

Poison Ivy

Poison Ivy Poison Ivy is a woody shrub or vine with hairy looking roots. All parts are toxic. Toxin is an oil. Causes skin reaction Reaction can vary in severity from people to people and year to year.

Treatment Wash well with soap A.S.A.P. Change clothes and wash them. Identification 3 divided leaves. Center leaflet is on a longer stem. Leaves alternate on the stem. Mature plants have white waxy berries.

Poison Ivy Spring

Summer

Fall

It creeps

In Vines on tree’s

Where does it grow?

On the Ground

Beach