Build up to the second Great War State Standards: 54, 55, 56, 57,

Foreign Policy in 1920’s Refusal to Join the United Nations The United States did not join the United Nations which rendered it ineffective. Extreme War Reparations lead Germany to War The Treaty of Versailles required Germany to pay mass amounts of money in war damages, from World War 1.

Washington Disarmament Conference Between 1921 and 1922, the world’s largest naval powers gathered in Washington for a conference to discuss naval disarmament and ways to relieve growing tensions in East Asia. U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes

Kellogg-Briand Pact In the wake of World War I, U.S. officials and private citizens made significant efforts to guarantee that the nation would not be drawn into another war. The Kellogg-Briand Pact was an agreement to outlaw war, signed on August 27, 1928 Had little effect in stopping the rising militarism of the 1930s or preventing World War II.

These Countries Signed the Pact… France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy and Japan

Foreign Policy in the 1930’s Isolationism the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism

Hoover-Stimson Note The Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 placed U.S. Secretary of State Henry M. Stimson in a difficult position. Follow the Kellogg-Braind Pact (no military force) Hoover would not support economic sanctions on these to countries to bring peace. Stimson sent two identical notes to Japan and China stating the United States would not recognize any changes made in China that would curtail American treaty rights in the area and that the "open door" must be maintained. Infuriated the Japanese because the U.S. had acquired territories by force just a few decades earlier.

Johnson Debt Default Act After the failure of European nations to honor their World War I debts to the US. Congress forbade government loans to any foreign country that owed money to the U.S. The Johnson Act was an expression of US isolationism, which failed to recognize that a major reason why Europeans could not honor their debts was the Hawley —Smoot Tariff's exclusion of their exports from US markets.

Neutrality Acts American’s began to blame businesses and bankers for dragging American into World War 1. United States should steer clear of future wars and remain neutral by avoiding financial deals with countries at war.

Neutrality Act 1935 Neutrality Act prohibiting the export of “arms, ammunition, and implements of war” from the United States to foreign nations at war and requiring arms manufacturers in the United States to apply for an export license.

Neutrality Act of 1937 U.S. citizens were forbidden from traveling on belligerent (engaged in war) ships, and American merchant ships were prevented from transporting arms to belligerents (countries at war) even if those arms were produced outside of the United States Cash & Carry Warring Nations could pay cash for raw materials not considered arms.

Neutrality Act of 1939 lifted the arms embargo and put all trade with belligerent nations under the terms of “cash-and-carry.” The ban on loans remained in effect American ships were barred from transporting goods to belligerent ports.

What is happening in Europe? Fascism- a form of government system with a dictator having complete power. (aggressive nationalism and even racism) Totalitarianism- a centralized government that does not tolerate differing parties and exercises dictatorial control over all aspects of life.

The Bad, Worse, and Worst Joseph Stalin- dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1929 to 1953. ruled by terror, and millions of his own citizens died during his brutal reign Benito Mussolini- Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 Sided with Germany at the onset of WW2 Adolf Hitler- leader of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945. initiated World War II and oversaw fascist policies that resulted in millions of deaths.

Roosevelt Responds Quarantine Speech International Quarantine of aggressor nations Economic Pressures instead of military aggression Intensified America’s Isolationist Mood

Roosevelt Responds “It is my determination to pursue a policy of peace and to adopt every practicable measure to avoid involvement in war. It ought to be inconceivable that in this modern era, and in the face of experience, any nation could be so foolish and ruthless as to run the risk of plunging the whole world into war by invading and violating, in contravention of solemn treaties, the territory of other nations that have done them no real harm and which are too weak to protect themselves adequately. Yet the peace of the world and the welfare and security of every nation is today being threatened by that very thing…”

Four Freedoms Speech (January 6, 1941) Four Freedoms that people all over the world ought to enjoy Freedom of Speech Freedom of Worship Freedom from Want Freedom from Fear

Atlantic Charter The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941 discuss their respective war aims for the Second World War and to outline a postwar international system

Things outlined in Atlantic Charter not to seek territorial expansion to seek the liberalization of international trade to establish freedom of the seas, international labor, economic, and welfare standards. Laid the groundwork for THE UNITED NATIONS

Lend-Lease United States began to provide significant military supplies and other assistance to the Allies in September 1940, even though the United States did not enter the war until December 1941.

America Enters World War 2 Lend Lease gives mass amounts of aid to Allies. Atlantic Charter outlines post war plans for a victorious Great Britain and America American Ships convoy British Ships across Atlantic loaded with war supplies. Roosevelt gives orders to attack German U-Boats. December 7th, 1941 JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOUR