Military Campaigns And Their Impact The Importance of Foreign Intervention…

Strengths - Patriots Home Field Advantage Leadership Inspiring Cause Alliances

Weaknesses - Patriots Undisciplined Untrained Shortages No government

Strengths – Great Britain Army/Navy Government Money Support/Allies

Weaknesses – Great Britain Distance Unfamiliarity Weak Leadership Sympathy for American Cause

Timeline of Battles Battle of Lexington and Concord (A) Capture of Fort Ticonderoga (A) Battle of Bunker Hill (B) British Evacuation of Boston (A) Invasion of Quebec, Canada (B) Battle of Long Island (B) Battle of Trenton (A) Battle of Princeton (A) Battle of Brandywine (B) Battle of Germantown (B) Battle of Saratoga (A) Battle of Monmouth (=) Winter at Valley Forge Battle of Savannah (B) Battle of Camden (B) Battle of Cowpens (A) Battle of Yorktown (A)

Bunker Hill/Breed’s Hill June 17th, 1775 2400 British 1150 Casualties 1500 Americans 450 Casualties British Victory

Long Island August 27th, 1776 20000 British/Hessian 400 Casualties 10000 Americans 2000 Casualties Washington was trying to protect New York General Howe had a chance to capture Washington and failed to act

Trenton December 25th, 1776 British and Hessians – 120 Casualties, 1000 captured Americans – 2400 involved, 4 wounded, 2 frozen Washington was faced with expiring enlistments and desertions Hessians ignore American advance The battle was a resounding physical and moral victory for Washington and his American troops.

FUN FACT: Present at the battle were three future presidents (Washington, Madison, and Monroe), the future Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall, as well as Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton.

Princeton January 3rd, 1777 Follow-up: 8000 British 285 Casualties/MIA 5200 Americans 40 Casualties, several were able officers Follow-up: The battles impressed upon the European powers that the Americans were able to confront the British Army General Washington showed himself to be a leader of resource and decision.

Saratoga October 17th, 1777 British Goal – Isolate New England 5000 British/Hessians 13000 Americans British Goal – Isolate New England Poor communication betweem Burgoyne and Clinton Overwhelming British defeat Turning point in the war

Yorktown September 28th – October 19th, 1781 6000 British 500 Casualties 8800 Americans + 7800 French 80 American + 200 French Casualties Cornwallis expected support from Clinton (NY – who did not arrive until October 24th) Surrendered, ended the war

Foreign Intervention Patriots needed support Ambassadors seek help for the colonies Benjamin Franklin “When one’s house is on fire, one does not inquire too closely into the background of those who carry the water buckets” Bailey, p. 156

Let’s Whip those Continentals into Shape! Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roche Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette Young French Aristocrat Friedrich Wilhelm Augustin Baron von Steuben Excellent drillmaster

European Involvement France Spain The Netherlands Still smarting from Seven Years War Spain Protection of American interests, alliance with France The Netherlands Traded with the colonies, naval disputes

Stress on the British British priorities were forced to change, and they became: Protect the home islands; hold the West Indies sugar islands and the Honduras timberlands; regain the 13 colonies; hold Gibraltar and the Mediterranean bases advance British interests in India, East Indies, Australia and the Pacific Ocean.