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Volume 5, Issue 7, Pages 1063-1067 (July 2008) Identification and distribution of interstitial Cajal cells in human pulmonary veins Elodie Morel, David Meyronet, MD, PhD, Françoise Thivolet-Bejuy, MD, PhD, Philippe Chevalier, MD, PhD Heart Rhythm Volume 5, Issue 7, Pages 1063-1067 (July 2008) DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.057 Copyright © 2008 Heart Rhythm Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 c-kit immunostaining of human PV. The c-kit+ cell has a pyramidal shape and three cytoplasmic prolongations. It is localized after the end of the extension of the myocardium sleeve in the PV. M = media of the PV. Heart Rhythm 2008 5, 1063-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.057) Copyright © 2008 Heart Rhythm Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 c-kit immunostaining of human PV. The c-kit+ cell has a spindle shape and two cytoplasmic prolongations. It is located between the extension of the atrial myocardium and the media layer of the PV. M = media of the PV; MS = muscular sleeve from the atria. Heart Rhythm 2008 5, 1063-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.057) Copyright © 2008 Heart Rhythm Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Positive immunomarking of Cajal cells with HCN4 (×40). CB = cell body. Heart Rhythm 2008 5, 1063-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.057) Copyright © 2008 Heart Rhythm Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Smooth muscle alpha-actin (A) and c-kit (B) immunostaining showing no overlap between smooth muscle cell (thick arrow) and Cajal cells (thin arrow). Heart Rhythm 2008 5, 1063-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.057) Copyright © 2008 Heart Rhythm Society Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Electronic microscopy. A: A Cajal cell from PV interstitium. B: A long thin process lying on the myocyte is seen (arrows). The sinuous trajectory is typical of Cajal cells. CB = cell body; SMC = smooth muscle cell. Heart Rhythm 2008 5, 1063-1067DOI: (10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.03.057) Copyright © 2008 Heart Rhythm Society Terms and Conditions