Classification & The Six Kingdoms

TAXONOMY- the science of naming and classifying organisms Aristotle: grouped plants and animals based on similarities Greeks & Romans-major groups called “genus” (means group) Carl Linnaeus-(1707-1778) - Sweden--gave organisms a 2 word name...

Binomial Nomenclature Means “2 word naming system” Genus (1st letter always capitalized) species (lower case) either underlined or italics (only if typed) this is considered the Scientific name!

Universal Language = Latin Provides a standard for communication among biologists, regardless of their native language 2 different organisms cannot have the same scientific name organisms can share one part of their scientific name w/another organism.

Hierarchical System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Dear King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup {SCIENTIFIC NAME}

5 or 6 Kingdoms? 5 Kingdom System: Monera (Bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia *****6 Kingdom System: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Species Generally defined as a group of organisms that can breed to produce fertile offspring All dogs are one species Horses and donkeys are different species because when they breed, their offspring (mules) are sterile!

Use the words in RED to fill in the blanks! Kingdoms Use the words in RED to fill in the blanks!

6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia These 2 are sometimes combined together to form the Monera Kingdom when only 5 Kingdoms are used

Cell Types Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Most 1 -10 μm in size Evolved 3.5 billion years ago Only Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms Has nucleus Many organelles Many 2-1,000 μm in size Evolved 1.5 billion years ago Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Kingdoms

Types of Nutrition: Autotrophs or Heterotrophs Autotrophs: 1.) photosynthetic -organism that uses energy from the sun to make its own food, and 2.) chemosynthetic -simple nonliving chemical nutrients such as H2S, sulfur, and iron is consumed and made into living tissue; makes its own food. All autotrophs make their own food! Heterotrophs: organisms that cannot make its own food—must eat other organisms or organic wastes Absorbers: produces enzymes that break down food particles outside its body, then absorbs the digested molecules

Prokaryotic cells Archaebacteria and Eubacteria Kingdoms

Bacteria Shapes Coccus (spherical shaped) Bacillus (rod shaped) Singular Plural Coccus cocci Bacillus bacilli Spirillum spirilla Singular Plural Coccus cocci Bacillus bacilli Spirillum spirilla Spirillum(spiral/curved walls)

Kingdom Archaebacteria methanic Kingdom Archaebacteria halophile halophile methanic sulfurous halophile

Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell Type: Prokaryotes (original life form on earth and gave rise to eukaryotes; believed to be the ancestors of the protists; called the “ancient bacteria”) Cell structure: no nucleus, no organelles, have cell walls that contain lipids found in no other organism Body Forms: unicellular Nutrition: autotrophs or heterotrophs Niche: extreme environments such as deep sea volcanic vents, hot springs, salt flats and brine pools, and black organic mud that lacks oxygen (anaerobic) Reproduction: asexual (binary fission) Neat Facts: fewer than 100 species

Examples of Archaebacteria Halophiles (Salt lovers) Acidophiles (love acidic environments) Sulfurous bacteria (high sulfur environments) Methanic bacteria (high methane environments) Anaerobic bacteria (no oxygen)

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria Cell Type: Prokaryotes - gave rise to eukaryote cell organelles; believed to be the ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts; considered the “true bacteria” Cell Structure: no nucleus; no organelles; cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all species have at least one inner cell membrane Body Forms: unicellular Nutrition: photosynthetic and chemical autotrophs, and heterotrophs Niche: Common environments, live in and on organisms Reproduction: mainly asexual (binary fission); sexual (conjugation) Neat Facts: extremely diverse—5,000 species; many cause disease; some make vitamins and help with digestion; used for food and drugs; decomposers, fix nitrogen

Examples of Eubacteria Strep (Streptococcus aureus) Cyanobacteria Salmonella Clostridium botulinum E. coli

Bacterial Fossils of blue-green algae cyanobacteria 2.6 billion years old 3.2 billion years old Algal mats preserved in rock Modern day

Eukaryotic Cells – Kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia Protists – yellow; fungi – red; plantae – green; animalia - blue

Kingdom Protista from microscopic to 150 feet large (the “catch-all kingdom”)

Diversity in Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista Cell Type: Eukaryotes (“catch all” kingdom) Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and some have chloroplasts Body Forms: mostly unicellular, some multicellular, some colonial Nutrition: autotrophic or heterotrophic; ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis Niche: freshwater and ocean water, in and on organisms; anywhere where there is water or a moist environment Reproduction: asexual or sexual Neat Facts: autotrophic protists produce 1/3 of oxygen in the atmosphere; wide range of sizes

Examples of Protists Euglena Paramecium Amoeba Diatoms Slime mold Algae Kelp Red Tide

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Fungi Cell Type: Eukaryotes Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts; cell wall of chitin Body Forms: some unicellular, most multicellular Nutrition: heterotrophic (absorption); mostly decomposers Niche: most are terrestrial (land), some live on organisms Reproduction: asexual and sexual (rarely) Neat Facts: some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine and foods; major decomposers

Examples of Fungi Bread molds Mushrooms Yeast Mildews Truffles Penicillium

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Plantae Cell Type: Eukaryotes Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; cell walls of cellulose; advanced differentiation of tissues (roots, leaves, reproductive structures) Body Forms: multicellular Nutrition: photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs Niche: mostly on land (terrestrial); some water Reproduction: sexual Neat Facts: provide oxygen; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, medicine

Examples of Plants Trees Flowers Ferns Mosses Grasses

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Animalia Cell Type: Eukaryotes Cell structure: have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts and no cell walls; advanced differentiation of tissues and complex organs Body Forms: multicellular Nutrition: heterotrophic Niche: anywhere—land (most), water, sea and air Reproduction: sexual and asexual Neat Facts: used for food, clothing

Examples of Animals Snails Sponges Fish Turtles Snakes Mammals Birds Worms Insects

Major Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms PHYLUM Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia CELL TYPE (prokaryote or eukaryote) Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotes); “ancient bacteria” Prokaryotes (gave rise to eukaryotic cell organelles); “true bacteria” Eukaryotes (catch-all kingdom) Eukaryotes CELL STRUCTURE (description of various organelles) Have cell walls, lack cell nuclei, and membrane-bound organelles Cell walls contain complex carbohydrates; all have at least one inner cell membrane Have a nucleus, mitochondria, some have chloroplasts Have a nucleus, mitochondria, but no chloroplasts; Has cell wall of chitin Have a nucleus, mitochrondria, chloroplasts, cell walls of cellulose; tissue differentiation Have a nucleus, mitochondria, no chloroplasts, no cell wall; advanced tissue/ organ differentiation BODY FORMS (unicellular or multicellular)   Unicellular Mostly unicellular, some multi-cellular; colonial Some unicellular, most multicellular Multicellular NUTRITION (autotophic or heterotrophic) Autotrophic or heterotrophic Photosynthetic and chemical Autotrophs,and heterotrophs Autotrophic or heterotrophic; Heterotrophic (absorption);mostlydecomposers Photosynthetic terrestrial autotrophs Heterotrophic NICHE (where they live) extreme environ-ments, no oxygen, volcanic vents, hot springs, brine pools Common environments; Live in and on organisms Freshwater, seawater, in and on organisms Most are terrestrial, live on organisms terrestrial Anywhere – land, freshwater, oceans, air REPRODUCTION (asexual or sexual) Asexual Both Sexual NEAT FACTS Fewer than 100 species Many cause disease; some make vitamins; used for food/drugs Autotrophic protests produce 1/3 of O2 in atmosphere Some cause disease; fix nitrogen; make medicine; release free O2 into air Provide O2; convert energy to food; used for paper, textiles, meds Food; clothing EXAMPLES Methanic bacteria, halophile bacteria; anaerobic bacteria; acidophile bacteria Strep, anthrax, cyanobacteria, salmonella, gonorrhea, E.coli Algae, kelp, slime molds, red tides, amoeba, paramecium Bread molds, mushrooms, yeast, mildews, truffles, penicillin Trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, grasses, vascular & non-vascular plants Snails, turtles, fish, mammals, birds, insects, spiders, snakes, worms  

Phylogenetic Tree Branched diagram that represents relationships of organisms Clues to relationships found Fossil record Comparative anatomy and physiology Correlation of DNA http://tolweb.org/tree/learn/concepts/whatisphylogeny.html

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DICHOTOMOUS KEYS Key used to identify something, like organisms Uses pairs of contrasting descriptions (A or B) The correct description either leads to another pair of descriptions or identifies the object. Always start at #1 each time you use one.

Help! Scientists have discovered quite a few new creatures on planet Pamishan. They need your help to identify and classify them. Use the Class set dichotomous key to identify these creatures. QUIETLY write them down and wait for all to finish. Raise your hand if you need help. 2 1