Responses to Stress, Toxic Chemicals, and Other Chapter 16 Responses to Stress, Toxic Chemicals, and Other Dodds & Whiles ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.1 Organic pollutants burn on the Cuyahoga River in 1952. (Courtesy of Cleveland State University, The Cleveland Press collection). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.2 Rachel Carson. (Image courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.3 Percentages of impaired lakes and streams in the United States by type and cause of impairment. Natural impairment is due to natural causes such as floods, droughts or excretion from wildlife. (Data from the US Environmental Protection Agency for 2004 National Water Quality Inventory). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.4 Effects of temperature on uptake of zinc into salmon gills (A) and influence of calcium carbonate (mg liter-1) on mortality of trout exposed to various concentrations of zinc (B). (Redrawn from Hodson, 1975, and Lloyd, 1960). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.5 Relationships between water solubility and bioconcentration factors of various organic compounds in fish and mollusks. (Adapted from Ernst, 1980). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.6 Number of invertebrate species as a function of pH, chloride, minimum O2, and turbidity. (Data from Roback, 1974). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.7 Percentage of remaining polysaccharide (A) and lignin (B) compounds after degradation by microbes from a naturally acidic swamp (Okefenokee Swamp, pH 3.4–4.2) and a neutral swamp (Corkscrew Swamp, pH 6–8) after incubation at different pH levels. (Modified from Benner et al., 1989). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.8 Microbial activity on leaves placed in acid and neutral streams as measured by the rate of thymidine incorporation into nucleic acids in two acidified streams compared to two nearby neutral streams. (Modified from Palumbo et al., 1989). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.9 Distribution of Mallomonas spp. scales (a chrysophyte) with depth and reconstructed pH from Big Moose Lake (New York). Sediments were dated by 210Pb content. (From Majewski and Cumming, 1999, with kind permission from Kluwer Academic Publishers). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.10 Number of macrophyte species as a function of lake water pH (A) and number of species of Ingoldian fungi as a function of stream water pH (B). The numbers of lakes sampled are shown in parentheses. ((A) Data from Hutchinson, 1975; (B) Dubey et al., 1994). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.11 Crustacean species diversity as a function of pH. (Reproduced with permission from Freyer, 1980). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.12 Relationship of aluminum concentrations to pH. (Reproduced with permission from Wigington et al., 1996). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.13 Biomass of trout in Adirondack streams as a function of pH (A) and aluminum (B). (Reproduced with permission from Baker et al., 1996). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.14 Gene Likens. ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.

FIGURE 16.15 Long-term data showing significant increases in baseline chloride concentration in a stream following highway construction and a nearby control stream with no roads and no change in chloride concentrations over the same time period. (Modified and reproduced with permission from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Kaushal et al., Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 13517–13520). ©2010 Elsevier, Inc.