European Imperialism Circa 1450, Prince Henry “The Navigator” of Portugal sent ships to explore the West Africa They brought gold and Africans back with them It began the trade between Europe and Africa With new colonies in the Americas, Europeans needed workers

European Imperialism European Motives Raw materials/ natural resources Industrial Revolution Diamonds of South Africa Rubber from rainforests in Central Africa Political rivalries To be the best and have the biggest empire Great Britain vs. Spain vs. Portugal vs. France Belief in European superiority Racism, Social Darwinism Ethnocentrism: "The White Man's Burden" by Rudyard Kipling

European Imperialism Other Factors Involved The Atlantic Slave Trade Technological superiority Steam engine and railroads allowed easier travel Quinine to protect Europeans from malaria African diversity The Atlantic Slave Trade The Middle Passage: the second leg of the Atlantic slave trade in which horrible injustices were committed against Africans who were to be sold as slaves groups

The Scramble for Africa European colonial rivalries spurred the meeting of the Berlin Conference (1884) Split Africa into regions owned by European countries (page 99)

Resistance to Imperialism Africans continually fought of European imperialism South African resistance Zulus: trained warriors who fought off British soldiers Boer Wars: Fights between Dutch settlers (Boers), British, and Zulus for diamonds and gold Both Dutch and Zulus eventually absorbed into British empire

European Imperialism Effects of Imperialism Increased tensions among tribes and societies Loss of traditional culture and communities Loss of lives, particularly from slave trade African diaspora: scattering of people and culture Resulted in the spread of African culture to new regions of the world, especially Europe and the Americas

Independence Nationalism grew out of European imperialism European boundaries put African tribal rivals under the same governments Nationalists called for a movement Pan-Africanism: movement to unite all Africans based on common heritage

Independence WWII weakened European countries (1945) African independence movements were able to gain strength During the 1950s and 1960s many new independent African nations were created Implications African nations have struggled to maintain stable governments and stable economies Europeans gave no government training to Africans Extracting and selling natural resources

European Imperialism The empire began breaking into numerous independent states around the 19th century Those states later came under the control of European countries Example: Egypt- Great Britain

Egypt & Imperialism Britain and France fought to gain control of Egypt They wanted control of the Suez Canal Links the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

South Asia Dutch and British The Dutch and British gained trading posts in Southeast Asia East India Companies Silk, spices to Europe Textiles, foods, etc. to SE Asia

British in India British encouraged disunity among local Indian leaders Indian grievances with British Outlawed Indian traditions Indian princes didn’t like being told what to do High taxes Conversion to Christianity

British in India British train sepoys Causes of the Sepoy Rebellion Indian troops serving in the British army Causes of the Sepoy Rebellion Rifles greased with pork or beef fat Required to fight in foreign lands

British in India Effects of imperialism British imports pushed Local industries declined Had to raise cash crops to afford to live Improved healthcare and sanitation Improved transportation Railroads Schools built Development of an educated an Indian middle class

Push for Independence Indian middle class wants: liberty and freedom from Great Britain To keep Indian cultural traditions Indian nationalists formed groups Indian National Congress (INC) Pressured for self-rule

Freedom Great Britain passed laws limiting various freedoms and rights in India The Indian National Congress (INC) continued to fight for self-rule. Example: Indians were prohibited from gathering publicly. Indian National Congress, 1885

Freedom Amritsar Massacre (1919): British troops opened fire and killed or wounded nearly 1500 Indians Symbolizes a turning point in India’s struggle for freedom

Mohandas Gandhi Gandhi urged Indians to gain independence through non-cooperation and nonviolent means

East Asia Imperialism During the age of imperialism, the Qing dynasty declined and the Industrial Revolution increased the strength of European nations

Imperialism Great Britain wanted to get involved with China Opium Wars British began trading opium in China The Chinese became addicted Opium Wars The Chinese government asked Great Britain to stop the trade The British refused

Imperialism Opium Wars European victory Superior military technology

Reform in China The Chinese wanted reform, with the hopes of kicking other nations out of China Learn the western way of life to control foreigners Rebellions and unrest lasted for half a century Many were supportive of reform, others resisted it

Reform in China The Boxer Rebellion: Part of a movement known as the “Righteous and Harmonious Society Movement” Fought against foreign influence in China The rebellion was easily crushed by a coalition of foreign armies

Independence China became a republic in 1911 (western reform)