Figure 3 Template for standard pelvic lymphadenectomy

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Figure 3 Template for standard pelvic lymphadenectomy Figure 3 | Template for standard pelvic lymphadenectomy. Standard dissection includes the removal of the internal iliac, presacral, obturator fossa and external iliac nodes up to the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries, using the ureters as the medial border. Permission obtained from Elsevier © Zehnder, P. et al. J. Urol. 186, 1261–1268 (2011). Permission obtained from Elsevier © Zehnder, P. et al. J. Urol. 186, 1261–1268 (2011) Lobo, N. et al. (2017) Landmarks in the treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer Nat. Rev. Urol. doi:10.1038/nrurol.2017.82