Essential Question What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, plant vs. animal cells, and unicellular vs. multicellular)?

Characteristics and Size https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvBAlkZ-CgU Cell Structure Characteristics and Size https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gvBAlkZ-CgU

Section 1 - Cell Features The Cell Theory - Observed by Schleiden, Schwann & Virchow All living things are made of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in organisms All cells arise from existing cells

Common Features of Cells Cell Membrane: controls which particles enter and leave the cell Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance that holds all the internal materials in place Ribosome: a cellular structure that produces proteins DNA: genetic code that provides instructions for all cellular processes

Prokaryotes smallest and simplest cells lacks a nucleus and mitochondria, vacuole, and chloroplasts example: bacteria

Characteristics of Prokaryotes Exist within a large range of environments some need oxygen and other don’t, some make their own food Cytoplasm split into compartments since there are no internal structures DNA is circular and located near the center of the cell (where the nucleus would be)

Eukaryotes Eukaryote: Nucleus: contains DNA Cilia: an organism whose cells have a nucleus Nucleus: contains DNA Cilia: small hair-like structures used for movement

*Check In* - HONORS If you had the describe the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes to some in terms of food, how would you explain it? Answers Essential Question

Essential Question What is the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells and what are the ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell?

Nucleus The “brain” of the cell – controlling all the activities Stores DNA (genetic information) Nucleolus – partially assembly of ribosomes location Nuclear Pores – locations where ribosomes are transferred to the nucleolus

Production of Proteins Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell Rough ER – location where ribosomes are attached and transports the proteins made Vesicle – a small sac that pinches of the ER to transport substances like proteins Smooth ER – no ribosomes – creates lipids and breaks down toxic substances

Processing of Proteins Rough ER ribosomes produce proteins Vesicles transport proteins from rough ER to Golgi Golgi processes proteins and packages them into new vesicles Vesicles leave to move outside of the cell membrane Vesicles can also remain within the cytoplasm like lysosomes that break down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids & carbs

Mitochondria An organelle that obtains energy from organic compounds to produce ATP The amount of mitochondrion that reside in the cell depends on requirement amount of energy that cell has ex. muscle cell – high or low? Have their own DNA and ribosomes Most of their protein is made by free ribosomes

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Unique Structures of Plant Cells Cell Wall – a wall that is made up of cellulose that protects the cell from damage Chloroplasts – uses light energy to produce carbohydrates from water and carbon dioxide Central Vacuole – large membrane- bound sac that stores water, ions, nutrients and wastes A full vacuole creates a rigid plant (no wiltiness)

Homeostasis State of Equilibrium (Homeostasis): A condition when the concentration of a substance is equal throughout the space (this is not a constant state)

Cell Membrane Protection is like a gated community – only certain objects can pass through Phospholipid – a phosphate group and two fatty acids Lipid Bilayer – nonpolar tails make up the interior and polar heads appear on interior and exterior Head = polar (forms weak bonds with other polar molecules) Tail = non-polar (repelled b water) Draw picture in book

Diffusion Random Motion and Concentration Passive Transport: The movement of substances across the membrane that requires NO energy Concentration gradient: When space divides differences in concentrations of a substance These “higher” and “lower” concentrations are split by the cell membrane (so movement is defined as in & out of the cell)

Facilitated Diffusion Carrier proteins are used to transport specific substances – amino acids and sugars Carrier proteins: attach to substances on one side of a membrane and carry them to the other side

Gummy Bear Demo STANDARD

Osmosis Osmosis: diffusion of water through a permeable membrane Type of passive transport – so what does this mean? Cause of osmosis: “free” water molecules move from high to low concentrations

Active Transport Transporting substances against the concentration gradient Requires the use of energy Think about going against an ocean current and how much energy you are exerting Use carrier proteins

Sodium-Potassium Pump A carrier protein that transports three sodium ions out of the cell and two potassium ions into the cell Sodium high concentration outside the cell and potassium concentrations higher inside the cell. Is this going with or against the gradient? The energy used by the cell through this pump depends on how active the pump is