Biomechanical, structural, and biochemical indices of degenerative and osteoarthritic deterioration of adult human articular cartilage of the femoral.

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Biomechanical, structural, and biochemical indices of degenerative and osteoarthritic deterioration of adult human articular cartilage of the femoral condyle  M.M. Temple-Wong, W.C. Bae, M.Q. Chen, W.D. Bugbee, D. Amiel, R.D. Coutts, M. Lotz, R.L. Sah  Osteoarthritis and Cartilage  Volume 17, Issue 11, Pages 1469-1476 (November 2009) DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.017 Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Structural and surface properties of human articular cartilage from the LFC and MFC. Cartilage thickness (a), mean (b) and variance (c) of the reflectance score assessed after India ink staining, overall histopathological index of cartilage degeneration (d) and surface irregularity assessed by histopathological grading (e) from age-matched donors of cartilage with articular surfaces that were macroscopically normal (NLA), mildly fibrillated (DGN), and mildly fibrillated from joints undergoing total knee replacement (OA). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.005 vs NLA samples. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17, 1469-1476DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.017) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Tensile biomechanical properties of samples described in Fig. 1. For specimens from the superficial, middle, and deep layers, the tensile equilibrium modulus (a), tensile ramp modulus (b), tensile strength (c), and failure strain (d) were determined from equilibrium and then non-equilibrium failure testing of articular cartilage from aged NLA, DGN and OA donors. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.005 vs NLA samples. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17, 1469-1476DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.017) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Biochemical properties of human articular cartilage samples described in Fig. 1. Cartilage tissue adjacent to the mechanical test specimens was analyzed for water content (a), DNA and calculated cell number (b), COL (c), COL in αCT (d), the fluorescence ratio of pentosidine-associated fluorescence (Ex 355/Em 385nm) to pyridinoline-associated fluorescence (Ex 295/Em 395nm) (e), and GAG (f). DNA, COL, and GAG were each normalized to wet weight. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.005 vs NLA samples. †P<0.05, ††P<0.01 vs DGN samples. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17, 1469-1476DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.017) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Relationships between tensile strength and structural and biochemical properties of the superficial layer of human articular cartilage of the LFC and MFC. The relationship between tensile strength of the superficial layer and (a) the histopathological index was assessed using Spearman's rank method to determine P and ρ2 values. The relationship between tensile strength and (b) the fluorescence ratio of the superficial layer was assessed using univariate linear regression to determine P and R2 values. Data are shown for NLA (□), DGN (△), and OA (○) samples. Lines represent the linear regression fits of the data and are shown only to indicate trends. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17, 1469-1476DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.017) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Summary of properties of human articular cartilage related to biomechanical deterioration with aging2,3 and OA. Histological depiction of mechanical integrity (degree of gray shading), articular surface fibrillation, chondrocyte density, collagen network alteration (fragmentation of fibrils and decrease in intrinsic fluorescence), and loss of GAG (▨) are shown. Tabulated are location of changes, superficial tangential zone (STZ), middle zone (MZ) and deep zone (DZ), denoted by ● or (●) for variable changes. Absence (○) or full presence (●) of parameters are indicated under stages noted, with changes indicated by . Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009 17, 1469-1476DOI: (10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.017) Copyright © 2009 Osteoarthritis Research Society International Terms and Conditions