Chapter 37 Intestinal Microbiota and Diet in Health

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.1: Folding on the intestinal mucosa significantly increased the surface area of the GI tract, providing a large surface area for bacterial colonization. Modified from F. Waldeck, Funktionen des magendarm- kanals, in: R. Schmidt, G. Thews (Eds.), Physiologie des Menschen, Springer, Berlin, 1990, p. 24. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.2: The human GI tract and the distribution of the intestinal microbiota. Modified from G. Simon, S. Gorbach, Intestinal microbiota, Med. Clin. North Am. 66 (1982) 557574. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.3: The four microhabitats within the GI tract representing the vertical distribution of the intestinal microbiota: (1) the intestinal lumen, (2) the unstirred water layer, (3) the mucus layer at the surface of the mucosal epithelial cells, and (4) the mucus layer in the intestinal crypts. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.4: Dominant intestinal microbiota as categorized into potentially harmful or health-promoting groups. Reprinted with permission from L. Thomas, M. Flower, A guide for healthcare professionals:Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Yakult, Science for Health, Yakult, UK, 2006 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.5: Bacterial succession throughout the lifetime.Reprinted with permission from L. Thomas, M. Flower, A guide for healthcare professionals: Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Yakult, Science for Health,Yakult, UK, 2006. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.6: External and internal factors influencing bacterial succession in the GI tract. *Genetics has been speculated to play a role in intestinal microbiota succession, but the current body of literature has not provided strong evidence for it. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.7: Bacterial fermentation of nondigestible food components Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.8: Benefits of SCFA. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.9: Various molecular methods and analytical approaches that are applicable for studying the intestinal microbiota communities.Reprinted with permission from P. Lawson, Taxonomy and systematics of predominant gut anaerobes, in: G.R. Gibson, M.B. Roberfroid, Colonic Microbiota, Nutrition and Health, Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1999, pp. 149166. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.10: Comparison of bacterial populations in breast-fed versus formula-fed infants. Data adapted from Y. Benno, K. Sawada,T. Mitsuoka, T., The intestinal microbiota of infants: composition of fecal flora in breast-fed and bottle-fed infants, Microbiol. Immunol. 28 (1984) 975986. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.11: Differences in the Bifidobacterium spp. isolated from fecal samples of breast-fed versus formula-fed infants. Data adapted from H. Beerens, C. Romond, C. Neut, Influence of breast-feeding on the bifid flora of the newborn intestine, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33 (1980) 24342439. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 37.12: Possible mechanisms of prebiotic action. Solid lines indicate well-established modes of action, and dotted lines indicate speculative mechanisms. Modified from A.C. Ouwehand, M. Derrien, W. deVos, K. Tiihonen, M. Rautonen, Prebiotics and other microbial substrates for gut functionality, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 16 (2005) 212217 [246]. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.