Upper Ontologies for Specifying Context Ontology Summit 2018 Track Session 2: 14 March

Agenda Background: Upper ontology business case and examples Vipul Kashyap: Inter-ontology Interoperation Upper Ontologies tour Discussion points Open discussion

Business Rationale for Context in Ontology

Aligning Business Glossary and Data Elements Analysis of a representative set of terms in a bank business glossary and accompanying data dictionary. Terms like ‘Country’ are defined in the context in which they are used, for example country of domicile, risk etc. Meanwhile data elements need the context of class, class hierarchy in data models to determine semantics. ONTOLOGY Contexts: Time Role / Relationship Records / history etc. Business concept context Data element context Business Glossary Data Model trace Country A self-governing geopolitical unit that is recognized as a country by the United Nations Country of Incorporation This term refers to country in which a corporation is legally registered for operations. This term is applicable to corporate entities only. XYZ: Registered Address Country Country of Birth The country which customer documentation identifies as country of birth of the customer. This term refers to individuals only. PQR: Customer Birth place Country of Residence The country where the customer declared he / she resides . This attribute refers to individuals only. PQR: Customer Domicile Country Code Domicile Country This term refers to the country where the company operates for its primary operations. This term is applicable to corporate entities only XYZ: Customer Domicile Country Code Country Code This is a 2-3 digit standard used to refer to a country, where the code is applicable to county of birth, county of residence, etc. ISO 3166 Country Code Country of Risk This term refers to the country of risk for a customer's exposure with the Bank. This may be related to the currency of transaction or to location of a transaction or payee. This is applicable to corporations of individuals. XYZ: Customer Risk Country Code PQR: Customer Collateral Country Code Business Glossary Details

Customer Relationships Current State To make data reusable the contexts implicit in application siloes must be made explicit. Consider a set of applications for relationships between the bank and some party. Each silo combines relationship-specific data, entity data and historical records of the product or loan application. Bank Data Siloes CRM2 CRM1 CRMn There are various points at which the bank interacts with a given person (customer for various products) First name Family name Customer ID Drawdown date Credit rating Address Country of Birth Full name Customer ID Purchase date Phone Address Line 1 … City Country Name Customer ID Date of Birth Purchase date Phone Address Line 1 … Country of Collateral Legal Person

Customer Relationships Data: Future State The Ontology makes implicit contexts explicit. It provides contextual semantics, distinguishing concepts specific to relationships, historical records (e.g. loan applications), current information for entities, and others. This is independent of the deployment benefits of semantic technology. FIBO ONTOLOGY Contexts: Time Role / Relationship Records / history etc. Purchase date Current date Ontology provides the context for each kind of data Relationship (context) specific data Customer ID Purchase history Contact Phone Customer ID Drawdown date Payment history Customer ID Purchase date Country of collateral Full name Customer ID Purchase date Application Credit rating Phone Address Line 1 … City Country of Domicile Non context specific data becomes real-time entity data Entity Data Address Records: Loan application data First name Family name Current Credit rating Date of Birth Home Phone Country of Birth Address Line 1 .. Address line n City State Country Independent entity data

Examples of Context

Values Example Birger Andersson and Paul Johannesson ‘Ascribing Value’, VMBO 2018

Values Example Birger Andersson and Paul Johannesson ‘Ascribing Value’, VMBO 2018

Today’s Talk: Inter-ontology Interoperation Vipul Kashyap Vipul will present an example of Inter-ontology interoperation - by translation of a query from one ontology to another - and characterize the loss of information that is incurred as a result. There would be a need for an upper level ontology as the translation requires integration of two (publication) ontologies which is not possible without the existence of an implicit upper ontology.

Targeted Discussion Look at the upper ontologies Look at what kinds of context there are Look at possible treatments of context Think about Context v Perspective (intention etc.) Possible treatments Discussion

What we Learned Last Time

Smith (BFO) Regions, places – perspectives Multi-perspectival: Continuant View Occurrent view Bicategorial view Single perspective view - molecular etc. Multi-perspective view – molecules v cells Holes, niches, sites etc. Granularity Systems as context; environments as systems

Loebe (GFO) Context determines views (extraction) Role as context Relational role Processual role Social role Abstract role model Player – Role – Context See also Searle ‘X counts as Y in C’

Scope EVA WHAT WHO WHEN WHERE HOW Thank you. The agenda I propose will address the What, Why, Who, How, When and Where of Test and Evaluation. This will range from Test and Evaluation of an individual, of machines (such as this NASCAR vehicle in a wind tunnel rolling on a belt that is moving at 180 mph in order to discover ground effects), of individuals collaborating on a previously defined task and of several individuals co-learning in a dynamic situation. The latter approximates the activity of System Engineering, a system that also needs to be tested and evaluated. Yes, that means you. And I will tell you why in a few minutes. " The FAA predicts 400,000 to 2.3M licensed Part 107 remote pilots by 2020” - FAA Air Traffic Organization Policy: Order JO 7200.23 WHY 10/9/17 jring7@gmail.com

Upper Ontology Views

DOLCE

TUpperWare

A View on GFO Ontology Summit 2018, Feb 07

YAMATO

IDEAS

IDEAS

GIST

Sowa KR Lattice

Sowa Partitions (FIBO++)

BFO

Organism-Level Process CONTINUANT OCCURRENT INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT ORGAN AND ORGANISM Organism (NCBI Taxonomy) Anatomical Entity (FMA, CARO) Organ Function (FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic Quality (PaTO) Organism-Level Process (GO) CELL AND CELLULAR COMPONENT Cell (CL) Cellular Component (FMA, GO) Cellular Function Cellular Process MOLECULE Molecule (ChEBI, SO, RNAO, PRO) Molecular Function Molecular Process BFO RELATION TO TIME GRANULARITY rationale of OBO Foundry coverage = BFO

OBO ~2005 initial OBO Foundry suite TO TIME GRANULARITY CONTINUANT RELATION TO TIME GRANULARITY CONTINUANT OCCURRENT INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT ORGAN AND ORGANISM Organism (NCBI Taxonomy) Anatomical Entity (FMA, CARO) Organ Function (FMP, CPRO) Phenotypic Quality (PaTO) Biological Process (GO) CELL AND CELLULAR COMPONENT Cell (CL) Cellular Component (FMA, GO) Cellular Function MOLECULE Molecule (ChEBI, SO, RnaO, PrO) Molecular Function Molecular Process OBO ~2005 initial OBO Foundry suite

Approaches to Context Context as a Class Kinds of Context Mediating Thing partition Kinds of Context Who What When Where hoW Why? Everything as Context

Context as a Class Mediating Thing partition Independent Thing Identified by properties intrinsic to the thing Properties that do not depend on context Relative Thing Identified by properties of the thing in a given context Mediating Thing is the context Leads to a hierarchy of kinds of context

Hierarchy of Contexts: Customer Legal Person Bank Client Bank Client Relationship played by In context Retail Customer Retail Customer Relationship Natural Person Organization Current Account Holder Current Account Relationship Loan Borrower Loan Relationship

Kinds of Context Who What When Where hoW Why? Treatments of these: Identify these as top level classes in upper ontology?

Treatments When: Continuant v Occurrent Who What Where hoW Each as context to the other Who Parties in Roles – context is relationship (contract etc.) Relator in OntoUML What What? Where Location as concept Ontology of Holes (Smith, last time) hoW Process, workflow etc. Usually a different model style; amenable to occurrent treatment

What if these are all Mediating Things? Independent Relative (contextual) Mediating (Context) played by In context Who Context What Context Where Context When Context hoW Context Actor Concrete Location Event Process Party Granularity Hole ?? Aspect Situation State of Affairs

Why? Does this merit special treatment? Is the ‘Why?’ beyond the scope in which the ontology is applied Reason for the ontology (usage) Use Case – for an individual application ontology What about a broader concept ontology? Is there always something beyond the ontology Or is only God beyond ontology? Why = pragmatics Meaning as pragmatics Meaning as referent (of a symbol)

Everything as Context For any given item in the ontology, the context is specified by its relation to everything else Is there a context beyond the ontology? Everything else Everything else Something Everything else Everything else Everything else Everything else

Everything as Context Perspective Is there a context beyond the ontology? Everything else Everything else Something Everything else Everything else Everything else Everything else

Context and Perspective Questions How are Context and Perspective related? Is Perspective a kind of Context ‘from the perspective of’ party Party as part of the ontology? Perspective and Intention John Sowa’s previous comments The observer / user brings their perspective to bear on the ontology (or any model)

Meaning and Intent 21 Feb Session - Sowa: ‘Intent’ necessary for context; later discussions… Does every context require intent? Is there a disconnect between a model-theoretic viewpoint and a conceptual viewpoint? Model: Aim to capture a view of the world without intent Intention v Intension Role of the observer in deciding to conceptualize the world in one way or another All ‘ontology’ is conceptual representation of things in the world, which requires agency Is Intent the ‘Why’ in who what when where why how? Proposition: ‘Meaning’ in terms of pragmatics Something has no meaning until an agent believes it?? (Meaning v Truth) Perspective: “set of things I believe that impact my current actions and beliefs” Acts of interpretation / closing the world

Treatments Ontology scoping Perspective on the ontology or its application Pragmatics Selection of upper ontology partitions Most appropriate Best of breed Best match to usage (realist v idealist etc.) What else?

Discussion Points How to recognize all the contexts for an item in the ontology Whether to simply apply the ‘relative thing’ test along each dimension (hierarchy of mediating things) What is the context of the ontology itself Are there contexts outside of the ontology itself Are there always? What to include in the ontology and what lies beyond?