Matter & Energy: Kinetic Theory The atoms and molecules of matter act like tiny particles that are always in motion.

Kinetic Theory: The atoms and molecules of matter act like tiny particles that are always in motion. The higher the temperature of the substance, the faster the particles move. At the same temperature, more massive particles move slower than less massive ones.

States of Matter Solids have a definite shape and volume Liquids change shape, not volume Gas change shape and volume Plasma is the most common state

Solids have a definite shape & volume Structure is rigid and cannot easily change position. Particles are held closely together and vibrate in place.

Particles are close together!

Two Types of Solids Amorphous: particles are not arranged in a definite pattern, but each particle remains in relative position to surrounding particles. Rubberband Butter Crystalline: has a regular/nearly regular crystalline structure; arranged in an orderly manner. Rock Candy Sugar

Solids:

Liquids change shape, not volume Particles move more rapidly than in a solid. Liquids take the shape of the container. Particles of a liquid are close together and in contact most of the time.

Gases change shape and volume Gases do not have a fixed shape, but it can flow. Liquids and gases are fluids because the particles can move past each other. Gas particles move fast and they break away from each other, this is how it changes volume.

Plasma is the most common state 99% of matter in the universe, sun and stars included, are plasma. Does not have a definite shape or volume. Particles are electrically charged (ionized) Natural Plasmas are lightning, fire, and aurora borealis. Plasma is similar to gas, but plasma can conduct electric current, gas cannot.

Energy The ability to change or move matter Energy of motion is kinetic Because they are in motion, all particles of matter have kinetic energy.

Temperature This is the measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. When you measure an object’s temperature, you are measuring the average kinetic energy of the moving particles. More kinetic energy= higher temperature

Thermal Energy The total kinetic energy of a substance’s atom. Example: A tea pot and a mug of hot water can have the same temperature, but the thermal energy will NOT be the same. Thermal energy depends on the number of particles as well as how fast they are moving.