Sporer & Schwandt (2007) Meta-analysis

Key findings Reliable Indicators Major moderators Content of lie Nodding: less nodding by deceivers (r = -.09) Hand movements: less movement by deceivers (r = -.19) Foot and leg movements: less by deceivers (r = -.07) Smiles: less by deceivers (r = -.07) Adaptors: move by deceivers (r = .07) Content of lie Preparation Motivation Sanctioning Research design (within-Ss versus between-Ss) Form of measurement (duration stronger than frequency)

Theoretical Explanations for Observed Behaviors Arousal model (increased nervousness More adaptors (but very small effect size) and decreased rather than increased under high motivation Affect/emotion model (less pleasantness and expressivity) Less nodding (very small effect size) Attempted control (reduced signs of anxiety) Fewer foot & leg movements Few hand movements (elsewhere, not as successful controlling pitch) Cognitive/working memory (increased cognitive load interfering with message production) Fewer hand, foot & leg movements Less nodding (elsewhere: interference with vocalics)

Observed Behaviors versus Beliefs