Tools and Techniques for Quality PART 4

Crosby Absolute Principles How to achieve quality? Deming Cycle Crosby Absolute Principles Juran Philosophy Six Sigma

Deming Cycle

Crosby Absolute Principles The First Absolute: The definition of quality is conformance to requirements The Next Absolute: The system of quality is prevention The Third Absolute: The performance standard is zero defects The Final Absolute: The measurement of quality is the price of non-conformance

Juran Philosophy Quality planning Quality control Quality improvement

Six Sigma Sigma means variation about the mean. Capability to produce defect free product leading to customer satisfaction

How do we achieve Six Sigma? We check output on regular basis and results may prove to be either on lower or higher end. In both cases, we need to adjust till we get acceptable level of performance. This methodology is called PROCESS SETTING APPROACH.

Steps of Six Sigma Define Measure Analyze Improve Control

Quality tools Brainstorming Benchmarking Quality Tools Fishbone Analysis FMEA

Brainstorming A technique teams use to generate ideas on a particular subject. Each person on the team is asked to think creatively and write down as many ideas as possible.  Brainstorming team includes: Facilitator - sets the meeting agenda and guides the discussion Scribe- assist the facilitator by recording notes, making copies, etc. Project team, users, and management

Benchmarking Informal Benchmarking Formal Informal Benchmarking: Informal Benchmarking is to study how other similar organizations perform a business process. It deals usually with customer-related processes, where the team visit other organization as customers to learn how that organization runs a business process, and if possible find possible improvements that can be applied to their own organization. Formal Benchmarking: Formal Benchmarking is the most thorough and expensive benchmarking strategy. It’s involves establishing formal relation-/partnership with other organizations, whether they are in the same or different industries. The company sends one or more its competent staffs to conduct formal benchmarking to a country where it’s considered has more advanced techniques in doing certain business processes.

Benchmarking..outcomes Plan Search Observe Analysis Adopt

Fishbone Analysis Fishbone Analysis does not change the basic operation rather improves business process. Problem analysis: It is probably the simplest and most straightforward technique, in which the team tries to identify problems that the company experienced and then tries to fix them. The nature of this technique tends to be more problem-solving rather than system-improving. Root-cause analysis: Similar to Problem Analysis technique, Root-cause Analysis also focuses on solving problems that are existed in the system. But unlike in Problem Analysis, in Root-cause Analysis, System Analyst makes an in-depth observation and analysis of the problems. Root-cause Analysis gives more attention to the true problems (what caused the problems / root cause of the problems) rather than only to the symptoms of the problems.

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) This technique helps to foresee failure before it happens. The technique requires the identification of: All potential failure types Causes of failures Effects of failures Once the types of failures are identifies, Risk Priority Number (RPN) is calculated by assigning severity of failure, probability of failure and likelihood of failure to happen.

Identifying possible failures FMEA process Identifying possible failures Risk Quantification (RPN) Corrective Action Relook at RPN

RPN Calculation Failure Type Severity Probability Likelihood RPN 1 2 1 x 2 x 1 = 2 Failure 2 3 4 3 x 4 x 3 = 36 Failure 3 5 5 x 5 x 5 = 125 Severity Scale Very Low 1 Low 2 Medium 3 High 4 Very High 5 Probability Scale Very Low 1 Low 2 Medium 3 High 4 Very High 5 Likelihood Scale Very Low 1 Low 2 Medium 3 High 4 Very High 5

Linking Quality Techniques with Quality Tools Crosby Philosophy Quality Tools Conformance to Requirements FB Prevention Benchmarking Zero Defects FMEA Measure is price of non-conformance Brainstorming Deming Cycle Quality Tools Plan Brainstorming Do Benchmarking Check FB FMEA Act Juran Philosophy Quality Tools Quality Planning Brainstorming Quality Improvement Benchmarking FB Quality Control FMEA Six Sigma Quality Tools Define Measure Brainstorming Analyze FB Improve Benchmarking Control FMEA