Everything you need to know about evolution in a nutshell! Summary of Evolution Everything you need to know about evolution in a nutshell!

Evidence for Evolution This is the question that your experiment answers

Radiometric dating and half life Fossil Record Prokaryotes = oldest fossils

Fossil Record

Homologous structures have common origin and reflect a common ancestor. e.g. the wings of a bat and the flipper of a whale show the same bone structure. Analogous structures have the same function however the similarities are superficial and reflect an adaptation to similar environments. e.g. the wings of a fly and the wings of a bat. Vestigial structures are structures that have evolved e.g. the appendix of a human or the coccyx or tail bone Comparative Anatomy Summarize your research in three to five points.

Comparative Biochemistry

Comparative Embryology

All aerobic cells that carry out cellular respiration contain the polypeptide cytochrome c Comparing the genetic sequence demonstrates how close the organisms are related Molecular Biology

Biogeography Plate Tectonic Theory Pangaea = super continent Continental Drift Changes in the position of the earth Biogeography

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Populations tend to grow exponentially unless an outside force inhibits it Competition Disease struggle for existence In a population there is variation and thus unequal success for survival and reproduction Only those that can survive reproduce Evolution occurs as advantageous traits accumulate in a population. Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

Types of Selection Stabilization Directional Disruptive sexual artificial Types of Selection

Causes of Evolution of a population Genetic Drift Bottleneck Effect Founder Effect Gene Flow Immigration and emigration Mutations Non-Random Mating Natural Selection Causes of Evolution of a population

Species: groups of organisms that mate with one another Speciation: divergence of biological lineages and emergence of reproductive isolation between lineages Most of the species concepts proposed by biologists are different ways of approaching the question “What are species?” Concept 17.1 Species Are Reproductively Isolated Lineages on the Tree of Life

Speciation and Reproductive Isolation Allopatric Speciation Caused by geographic isolation i.e. mountain ranges, rivers, lakes, altitudes Sympatric Speciation - speciation without physical isolation may occur with disruptive selection—individuals with certain genotypes prefer distinct microhabitats where mating takes place. Habitat isolation Behavioral isolation Temporal isolation Reproductive isolation Postzygotic barriers Prezygotic barriers Speciation and Reproductive Isolation

Figure 17.7 Allopatric Speciation among Darwin’s Finches (Part 1) Figure 17.7 Allopatric Speciation among Darwin’s Finches The descendants of the ancestral finch that colonized the Galápagos archipelago several million years ago evolved into 14 different species whose members are variously adapted to feed on seeds, buds, and insects.

Figure 17.7 Allopatric Speciation among Darwin’s Finches (Part 2) Figure 17.7 Allopatric Speciation among Darwin’s Finches The descendants of the ancestral finch that colonized the Galápagos archipelago several million years ago evolved into 14 different species whose members are variously adapted to feed on seeds, buds, and insects.

Patterns of Evolution Divergent Evolution Population become isolated Allopatric /sympatric speciation Convergent Evolution Unrelated species become isolated BUT they are exposed to the same environmental pressures and evolve features that are similar Coevolution Reciprocal evolution – can be predator-prey or symbiotic Adaptive radiation Emergence of numerous species from a common answer into an environment. They fill an ecological niche Patterns of Evolution

Divergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

coevolution

Adaptive Radiation