Answer--Brief Response “Whereas, the late King James II . . . did endeavor to subvert [undermine] and extirpate [destroy] the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of this kingdom. . . . The said lords [Parliament] . . . declare: 1. That the pretended power of suspending of laws or the execution of laws by regal authority without consent of Parliament is illegal. . . . 6. That . . . raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of Parliament, is against law. . . . 8. That election of members of Parliament ought to be free. . . .” –English Bill of Rights, 1689 This made Parliament the ruling body of England to this day

Enlightened Thinking in Europe

Lecture

Why the Enlightenment? C This period of European history saw much writing about government and society. English and French philosophers argued that government had to be more responsible to the people. It would fuel changes in the way enlightened monarchs led their people. It would cause revolutions when monarchs did not listen to the heavy problems their people were suffering.

Review What historic peoples/beliefs does Western Civilization get most of it’s thinking about law, government, morality, and human rights from? (5) Ancient Greeks Ancient Romans Judaism Christianity English

Review: Western Civilization Ideas from… Ancient Greeks (8) Democracy Legislature Socratic method (learning) Juries Philosophy Republic Common good Morality/ethics

12 Western Civilization Ideas from… Ancient Romans (9) Civil law Women’s Right Innocent Until Guilty International Law Lawyers Appeals Courts Flexible contract Trial by jury Rules of evidence

12 Western Civilization Ideas from… Judaism (6) Freedom Equality before the law Rule of Law One authority over all Social contract Morality/Ethics

6 Western Civilization Ideas from… Christianity (5) Tolerance Justice Love Self-sacrifice Leaders responsible to their members

6 Western Civilization Ideas from… England (1215 – 1689 CE) (5) Monarch must get approval for laws and taxes from the people (Parliament Trial by jury Government runs the court system No cruel or unusual punishment Habeas corpus: no arrest without a crime.

New Thinking emerged in the 1600s C It was called the Age of Reason. It had three periods: Scientific Revolution (new technology) Commercial Revolution (new ways to make wealth) Enlightenment (new ideas about government)

Enlightenment C Natural Law: rules that can be realized by careful thought. Science was finding more that explained nature. Philosophers believed it could explain humanity and, perhaps rule it.

Thomas Hobbes: C English political philosopher in the 1600s. Described the “social contract” between government and the people. Hobbes view of society….. EC (2) People, were born cruel, greedy, and selfish, They obeyed the monarch who protected them from enemies and their own selfishness. Hobbes supported absolute monarchy.

John Locke English political philosopher in the 1600s. Locke’s view of people…..EC He believed people were born innocent experience and others teach one how to behave.

John Locke: People and Government C The People The Government People give the government the power to rule them for…. protection from danger, protection of their natural rights. If government does not do its job to the people’s satisfaction, the people have the right to change it

John Locke Natural rights: C John Locke believed people had equal rights from birth….. life, liberty, and property

Philosophes: In the 18th century, French writers wrote about government and human rights impressed by Hobbes and Locke, Classic (Greek/Roman) philosophy.

Baron de Montesquieu: C French philosophe, wrote much about the idea of “separation of powers”. Why have it? How does it work? EC By dividing government, the people protected themselves from dictatorship. Three branches (based on ancient Athens) EC Executive— operates the government services, sets policy Legislative— makes the laws, approves the funding, sets policy Judicial— decides if laws, policies, and operations are constitutional His ideas would be used by American leaders in their Constitution of 1789.

Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet): C French philosophe wrote against corruption in society, government, and the Church. Also, wrote on religious freedom and tolerance. This led to Western ideas of freedom of thought and speech. Which US Constitutional Amendment includes his thoughts? EC 1st Amendment

Denis Diderot: French philosophe, compiled many of the philosophical essays of his contemporaries in the first “Encyclopedia”, in the mid and late 1700s. Church and government leaders criticized it, almost arresting him for it.

EC The English Philosopher, John Locke, argued that life, liberty, and property are… (4) Natural rights that should be protected by the government. Political rights to be granted as determined by law. Economic rights earned in a capitalistic system. Social rights guaranteed by the ruling class.

Adam Smith: C Britain (Scotland)—wrote about laissez faire economics. Considered the first economist. Wrote, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776. Main concept: What is good for business is good for the nation and its people.

Homework and Notes

New Thinking emerged in the 1600s It started with philosophers, some, in England, were explaining the way their people were changing government. Led to greater faith in the power of reason Applied to Understanding human nature Government Understanding and using the physical world

Standards Check, p. 55: Question Scientific successes

Standards Check, p. 55: Hobbes: Locke Government needed to impose order and compel obedience. government should have limited power (by the people) and be chosen by the people

Voltaire, p. 56 French authorities Enemies of freedom

Montesquieu, p. 56 Separation of (government) powers.

Jean Jacques Rousseau: French Philosophe. Wrote that government should be ruled by what the majority of people want, EC “general will”. Majority rule The individual is protected by a government of the many than of the few or one. His major writing on this is called the EC Social Contract

p. 57 image, Compare Rousseau and Voltaire Believed that a freely elected government should exercise minimal control over the people. Believed in free speech, equality, justice, and reason

Standards Check, p. 57 The philosophes in Diderot’s Encyclopedia wrote about, Government Freedom of expression Freedom of belief Slavery

Understanding the Power of Commerce and Money A new science emerges, using reason, explaining the money it has….. People who study it are called….. EC Economists Today they even advise governments about monetary issues and policy

Adam Smith’s idea: Businesses would operate without control (taxes, regulations) and would make large amounts of money. This is called….. EC Laissez faire capitalism Capitalism: using wealth to make more wealth finance (borrowing and lending) Investment Entrepreneurialism

Adam Smith Smith believed that the business community (sellers) and customers (buyers) control the economy: He called it the….. EC Free Market Buyers (demand) and sellers (supply) decide: What good or service to produce or perform Who will get what and where? Prices

EC: How does Adam Smith connect to the Age of Reason and the Scientific Revolution? laissez faire is based on natural laws. That means allowing the free market to operate “naturally”. “naturally” means that there is little/no government interference in the market’s activities People making, selling, and buying things decide Goods and services Prices Innovation “unnatural” (government control) Regulations (rules) Taxes Laws

Standards Check, p. 58: Question: Smith believed the market would be more productive without government regulation.

EC: Magnet Connection Where does multimedia come into the free market (how is used to support business)? (4) Design: making a product or service appealing and useful to buyers Packaging: designing for appeal and usefulness. Advertising: getting people interested in buying the product or service. Marketing: planning whom and where to advertise and sell to….

p. 59, Thinking Critically 1. By a government chosen by the people “all people have the same natural rights and should be able to choose the body that protects them” 2. The people can overthrow the government

Brief Response How did the writing of the Enlightenment affect your rights and freedoms today?

Brief Response How did the writing of the Enlightenment affect your rights and freedoms today? One can make their own social and political decisions Government protects Americans rights. If the government does not, Americans can vote to change the government.