Cyber-Physical Systems for Enhancing the Global Sustainability Prof. Mohammad Shahidehpour Galvin Center for Electricity Innovation Illinois Institute of Technology

Outline Introduction to Cyber-Physical Systems Smart City as Cyber-Physical System Cyber-Physical Operating States Co-Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems Conclusions

What is a Cyber-Physical System? A Cyber-physical system (CPS) is an engineering system in which information and communication technologies are coordinated to achieve an intimate integration of physical system dynamics. Smart City, a typical case of CPS, consists of physical and cyber subsystems, which are dependent on each other for fulfilling their functionality. In smart cities, CPS encompasses sensors that monitor power grid, water, waste water, natural gas flow, transportation, communication, and environmental conditions CPS reduces consumptions, increase public safety, enhance global sustainability and improve individuals comfort.

Urbanization of Infrastructures as a CPS

Constrained Urban Mobility Aging transportation infrastructures results in urban traffic congestion, significant economic losses and an increased number of traffic accidents. The opportunity cost of an individual driver in traffic congestion is estimated at roughly $24 per hour of person travel. In the year of 2014, drivers in Chicago cumulatively suffered over 302 million hours of travel delay with a total congestion cost of $7,248 million. Congested road traffic is the main source of green gas emission.

Aging City Infrastructures Aging infrastructures create significant challenges for most cities. On average, up to 25% of the water entering a city’s water management and treatment system is lost through leaks in the water infrastructure. According to the American Society of Civil Engineers, 60% of the six million miles of power distribution lines within the United States have surpassed their life expectancy of 50 years. It is technically and economically challenging to update aging infrastructures.

Blackouts in Cyber Physical Systems Time Location  Cyber Cause Consequence 2003  Northeast U.S. Alarm system failure due to a software bug 50 million customers lost electricity  Italy Cascading failures of power and communication infrastructures 56 million people were affected 2007  Arizona, U.S. Unexpected activation of the load shedding program 100,000 customers lost 400 MW load 2008  Florida, U.S. Disabled relay protection during a diagnostic process 1 million customers lost 3,650 MW load 2011 Southwest U.S.  Monitoring equipment failure at a substation Around 2.7 million customers lost electricity 2015 Ukraine  Remote cyber intrusions after the malware installation Around 225,000 customers lost electricity Massive Cyber power outages Arouse public awareness to enhance the role of cyber security in CPS. Physical security: On Aug. 14, 2003, New York City was severely hit by a blackout resulting from cascading power failures, and its 8 million citizens suffered from prolonged power outages .

Smart City: CPS for Integrating Urban Infrastructures The notion that technology will gradually replace the human workforce is real. Smart City will put the transition into perspective. Smart city is an urban center that integrates interdependent infrastructures with a common goal of enabling certain social objectives. Managing large cities for enhancing economics, reliability, resilience, security, and sustainability is one of the major CPS challenges . Smart city as a CPS connects social capital and infrastructural objectives in order to address public mandates.

Operating States of CPS Based on the CPS status corresponding to cyber and physical subsystems, all possible CPS operating conditions are divided into the four states: Secure State. Both cyber and physical security are ensured. Alert State. Physical security is maintained but cyber security is violated. Emergency State. Cyber security is maintained but physical security is violated. Extreme State. Cyber and physical security are violated simultaneously.

Interdependencies of CPS Subsystems If the cyber subsystem suffers severe disruptions, system operators will have insufficient situational awareness. They fail to observe complete operating condition of the physical subsystem, and fail to make timely decisions in emergency situations. Disrupted Cyber Subsystem Disrupted Physical Subsystem Actual Condition Estimation State Observed Condition

Typical CPS Incident Topology preserving attack (TPA) is a specific type of false data injection, which could mask the topology change due to line outages that are caused by either physical disruptions or cyber incidents. TPA forges power flow measurements of the disrupted lines and modifies load measurements at certain buses (if necessary) in order to preserve the state estimation results after line outages. TPA impedes the detection of line outages, deteriorates the operating condition and causes an extended service disruption.

Decision-Making Simulation Holistic CPS Security CPS security necessitates a comprehensive strategy that protects smart city services from cyber threats. The decision-making for holistic CPS security enhancement is a multi- player strategic game which involves three groups (planners, attackers, operators) taking actions in sequence. Implementation Decision-Making Simulation

Co-Simulation for CPS Operations Cyber-physical co-simulation is conducted for identifying potential dynamics of CPS operations under selected contingencies. Cyber-physical co-simulation retains the simulation processes in individual simulators and coordinate them under a common framework, while ensuring strict time synchronization and efficient data exchanges. Quantitative indices are defined to measure the severity of CPS incidents and reflect the feasibility of coping with these contingencies.

Distributed Power Systems A widespread adoption of DERs would drive and flourish distributed and controllable power systems (e.g., microgrids, nanogrids) in the near future and challenge the existing utility-based regulation models and policies. These distributed power systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in extracting incremental values from DERs locally and improving power distribution system operations globally.

IoT: Internet of Things As grid modernization continues, power distribution systems themselves become a platform for social and technological innovations to enhance the efficiency, reliability, resilience, and sustainability of electricity services. Internet of things (IoT) plays the key part in filling the gap between control and monitoring applications and physical processes. IoT is viewed as a set of innovative technologies that instill intelligence to almost any such thing and link them to interact with the physical world.

Microgrids to Energy Hubs Microgrids represent a promising platform for integrating a multitude of local energy carriers as an energy hub, which intertwines the generation, conversion, storage and consumption of diverse energy resources. In an energy hub, synergies among various forms of energy are realized for optimizing the use of onsite resources and improving the social welfare.

Cyber-Secure Energy Management Both operation technologies and information technologies offer effective solutions for improving the ADN energy management performance. The coordination of these technologies leads to a hierarchical framework that decentralizes decision making processes of the ADN energy management in a cyber- secure manner.

Blockchain as Cybersecurity Solution Blockchain, a powerful tool to settle privacy and reliability concerns in IoT, can automate communications between microgrid master controllers in a cyber-secure manner. Blockchain is a type of secure chronological database technology that maintains a continuously growing list of data records (i.e., blocks). Smart contracts on blockchain make it possible to automate sophisticated interactions between energy hubs in a dependable and auditable way. Energy hubs use blockchain to interact and collaborate without a central coordinator. The decentralized nature of transactive energy management lends itself to a blockchain implementation aided by smart contracts, while SDN technologies are beneficial for managing on-site DERs within microgrids. The information exchanged between any two MGMCs is secured by cryptography applied to blockchain and stored identically in MGMCs for creating a set of publicly auditable records. Each microgrid needs to register with DSO in order to be authorized to participate in the transactive energy system. The blockchain can be configured as permissioned with no requirements for an energy-intensive proof-of-work mining process (e.g., the process of digging out Bitcoins). The corresponding lightweight consensus consumes less energy and computation resources for appending blocks to blockchain.

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